Nuclear torpedo and multipurpose submarines. Project 627

Characteristics of Project 627 “Kit” nuclear submarines

History of the creation of Project 627 (“Kit”) nuclear submarines

Why does a submarine have to be nuclear powered?

The Second World War clearly demonstrated both the strengths and weaknesses of submarines. They could unleash their full combat potential only if three conditions were met:

• operating from an underwater position so as not to be detected prematurely by enemy radars.
• possessing high speed in order to successfully position itself at the angle of attack, and, if necessary, escape from pursuit.
• possessing high autonomy in order to be fully able to perform cruising missions.

However, all together these conditions were completely impossible to fulfill. Traditional electric motors did not provide the required power, and when trying to increase it, they acquired dimensions completely unsuitable for a submarine. Attempts to use advanced German experience (“Walter engine”) in the form of steam and gas turbine units operating on concentrated hydrogen peroxide also did not give the desired result - the technology turned out to be too capricious.

However, there was a way out; it turned out to be a nuclear power plant. With relatively small dimensions, it made it possible to obtain very significant output power, without requiring not only additional components (such as a solid supply of hydrogen peroxide), but even access to oxygen.

The United States was the first to begin implementing a nuclear submarine program. Already in December 1945, work began on the power plant project, but it was completed only in 1948, and the first ship using it had to wait even longer. 7 years after the start of work, on June 14, 1952, the world’s first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus, was laid down at the Electric Boat Division shipyard in Groton (Connecticut). In September 1955, she joined the US Navy.

Drawing of the hull of the Soviet nuclear submarine Project 627 (“Kit”) in two modifications: Project 627 and Project P-627A

The creation of a Soviet nuclear submarine

On September 9, 1952, the Soviet Union began designing a similar submarine. On this day, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, in accordance with which two groups of specialists were formed in Moscow:

• to carry out design studies of a nuclear submarine (headed by Vladimir Nikolaevich Peregudov, deputy director of the Central Research Institute-45 of the shipbuilding industry for scientific work, chief designer of submarines of projects 608 and 613).
• for the development of its power plant (headed by Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences).

The director of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov, was appointed scientific director of work in both directions; the overall management of the project was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malyshev.

The work of both groups was carried out in parallel, given the special secrecy of the work, the circle of specialists involved was very limited. Needless to say, if it was forbidden to involve even full-time Navy specialists in developing the requirements for the tactical and technical elements of the new ship!

By March 1953, the working group of V.N. Peregudov completed the development of the Soviet nuclear submarine, in the scope of the pre-design design. According to the developers, a submarine of this class was intended to strike in the enemy’s “deep rear” - coastal areas, naval bases, ports, etc. Since no country in the world had ballistic missiles in service by that time, the main offensive weapons of a nuclear submarine were heavy-duty T-15 torpedoes (caliber 1550 mm, length about 24 m) with a nuclear warhead.

Traditional weapons - 533 mm torpedoes - were included in the weapons as a means of self-defense.

Nuclear torpedo and multipurpose submarines. Project 627

In the USSR, work on research and search for the appearance of nuclear submarines began in 1949, when they achieved the first real results in the creation of domestic nuclear weapons and a research nuclear reactor had been operating for four years. Some fleet commanders were confidentially notified about these studies in 1950 (in particular, the commander of the Northern Fleet, where they intended to introduce new technology, was notified). 09.09.1952 I.V. Stalin signed the resolution of the Council of Ministers “On the design and construction of facility 627.” To carry out work in accordance with this document on the creation of a nuclear submarine (object, and later Project 627), two groups of scientists and designers were formed in Moscow, one of which, under the leadership of V.N. Peregudov, were entrusted with carrying out the design study of the ship, and the second, under the leadership of N.A. Dollezhal - its power plant. The general supervision of the work on the creation of a domestic nuclear submarine was carried out by the director of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician A.P. Alexandrov. General coordination of the work was carried out by one of the enthusiasts of the creation of nuclear submarines - Deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR V.A. Malyshev.

Naturally, the most difficult problem was the development of a nuclear power plant that could be placed on board a submarine vessel. The first Soviet purely “terrestrial” nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was put into operation in 1954 in Obninsk (used for urban power supply). Then they created the first ship reactor (for its time it was the most powerful in the world), which was intended for installation on the “peaceful” nuclear icebreaker “Lenin”. This icebreaker, in fact, was an experimental vessel that served to test the ship's power plant.

Research Institute No. 8 of the Ministry of Medium Engineering, under the leadership of N.A. Dollezhal, became responsible for the development of a steam generating plant for a submarine. The steam turbine power plant was designed by SKB of the Kirov Plant (chief designer Kazak) and SKB-143. created electrical equipment. Looking ahead, it should be noted that many experts believe that the main drawback of the electrical power plant of the first domestic nuclear submarine was the mounted electric generators, which worked only in conjunction with the main turbo-gear units. This limited the duration of the vessel’s stay in reverse or at “stop” by the capacity of the reserve batteries.

K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol"

On March 8, 1956, an experimental “boat” reactor was launched, which was installed in Obninsk near Moscow. But “the first pancake was lumpy” - due to a design flaw in the reactor lid, a leak of radioactive water occurred. Later the design of the lid was changed. Requirements for nuclear safety of ship power plants were also not formed immediately. For example, in the early 1950s, a proposal was made that the reloading of radioactive fuel could be carried out on the high seas (naturally, the acceptance of such a proposal would cause everyone taking part in the operation to be exposed to radiation).

The experimental nuclear submarine of Project 627 was primarily intended for testing in open sea conditions the first sample of a nuclear power plant with a steam-water reactor. However, the ship was also considered as the flagship model of a new strategic weapons system designed to combat the main “potential enemy” - the United States of America. The nuclear-powered submarine was supposed to carry out nuclear strikes on naval bases, as well as other strategically important targets located on the coast. For this purpose, the nuclear submarine was supposed to be armed with a steam-gas heavy-duty torpedo T-15 (length 24 m, caliber 1550 mm, range up to 50 thousand m), equipped with a nuclear warhead (the dimensions of the latter determined such monstrous dimensions of the torpedo). The work of the design teams was carried out in an atmosphere of top secrecy, with the involvement of a very narrow circle of participants. In addition, at the initial stage of the program, practically no Navy specialists were involved in the work, which had a bad effect on shaping the appearance of the nuclear submarine.

Group V.N. Peregudov, in March 1953, work on the preliminary design of a nuclear submarine was completed. The first domestic nuclear-powered ship was supposed to have a double-hull architecture with an unusually large (about 13) aspect ratio and a cross-section that was close to circular. The twin-shaft power plant was supposed to ensure the achievement of a maximum underwater speed of more than 25 knots. Hydrodynamicists K.K. took part in shaping the architecture of the vessel. Fedayevsky (TsAGI), as well as V.I. Pershin (TsNII-45). The boat (for the first time in the USSR) received a “whale” shape of the bow, which was optimized for scuba diving, but significantly reduced its performance on the surface. This shape of the bow tip became the cause of serious discussion among the creators of the nuclear-powered icebreaker (some designers insisted on preserving the “ship”, traditional shape of the bow tip). However, the point of view of Peregudov prevailed, who believed that the nuclear-powered ship should first of all be adapted for scuba diving. The oval shape of the bow was later implemented on American nuclear submarines of the Skipjack type (the lead ship entered service in 1959), as well as on subsequent nuclear-powered ships that were designed and built in the United States. However, in the Soviet Union it was finally approved only for second-generation nuclear submarines.

In Project 627 nuclear submarines, compared to foreign and domestic diesel-electric submarines, the maximum diving depth increased by one and a half times and amounted to about 300 meters. This required the use of new steel for the robust body. Its development was entrusted to Central Research Institute-48 of the Ministry of Shipbuilding (headed by G.I. Kopyrin). The AK-25 alloy was created on the basis of armored steel.

PLA K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" pr.627 at the pier

The submarine autonomy of the Project 627 nuclear submarine was supposed to be 60 days, which placed new, higher demands on the ship’s life support system.

The project of the first nuclear-powered submarine of the USSR was created on the basis of the largest domestic diesel-electric submarine (diesel-electric submarine), Project 611. We decided to maintain the fundamental layout of this vessel, using some elements of onboard systems and design.

Full-scale development of the experimental nuclear submarine of Project 627, which received the code "Kit", was transferred to the Leningrad SKB-143 (later PKB Malachite) in the spring of 1953. V.N. Peregudov was appointed chief designer, which ensured the necessary continuity of work. The design bureau team already had experience in developing submarines with “unconventional” power plants. For example, in 48-53 they created a Project 617 boat with a steam and gas turbine power plant.

Work was also carried out to create the “main caliber” of the vessel - the T-15 torpedo. But the tests of the combat nuclear unit for the torpedo, which were carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site, ended in complete failure.

In May 1954, work on technical equipment was completed. project of a nuclear submarine, and already in July naval specialists were attracted to participate in the program. The sailors' conclusion on the design of the new vessel was not favorable: they noted the problematic nature of using the vessel for its main purpose - launching nuclear strikes against targets located in the coastal territories of a potential enemy. Also, indications were made of insufficient speed during full speed, high noise, weak torpedo armament, low maintainability and service life, as well as some other shortcomings.

This became the reason for some radical changes to be made to the project: the nuclear submarine lost its T-15 “super torpedo”, receiving instead conventional but enhanced torpedo armament. As a result, an almost complete redesign of the design of the bow of the hull was required, right down to the second compartment. The maximum underwater speed of the vessel increased. The submarine was reoriented to fight enemy transports and warships. The layout of the boat's premises was worked out on special wooden models made for life-size compartments of a nuclear submarine (this was done for the first time in Soviet submarine shipbuilding).

The scale of work to create the first Soviet nuclear submarine is indicated by the fact that 135 enterprises and organizations were involved in the program, which were located practically throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union, including 20 design bureaus and about 80 manufacturing plants of various equipment.

The development of working drawings for the Project 627 boat began in March 1954, even before the technical design was finally approved. In June 1954, in the city of Molotovsk, at plant No. 402 (now the Severodvinsk Northern Machine-Building Enterprise), in an atmosphere of strict secrecy, in a specially fenced off section of the boathouse, they began building the first Soviet nuclear-powered submarine.

On September 24, 1955, a solemn ceremony of the official laying of the ship took place. On August 9, 1957, the nuclear submarine was launched. On September 14, 1957, nuclear reactors were loaded.

The training of submariners for the first domestic nuclear submarine (as well as for other first-generation nuclear submarines) was carried out at a full-scale stand, which was built in Obninsk. Captain of the first rank Osipenko was appointed the first commander, engineer-captain of the second rank Akulov became the commander of the electromechanical unit (he was also in charge of the nuclear power plant).

Since July 3, 1958, the nuclear submarine, which was assigned the tactical number K-3, was undergoing sea trials, which took place in the White Sea. On 07/04/1958 at 10.03, for the first time in the history of the Soviet fleet, atomic energy was used to propel a ship.

The tests were completed on December 1, 1958. During them, the power of the power plant was limited to 60% of the nominal. However, despite this, the maximum speed was 23.3 knots, which exceeded the calculated value by 3 knots. For the successful development of technology, for the first time after the Second World War, the K-3 commander Osipenko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Today, the training center for training nuclear submarine crews in Obninsk bears his name.

K-3 was transferred to the Navy in January 1959 for trial operation. It ended in 1962, after which the ship became a “full-fledged” warship.

The double-hulled boat, with a hull of large, almost “torpedo-like” extension in cross-section, was almost round. The bow end was given an elliptical shape, and the stern had “flat” contours, which were determined by the two-shaft layout.

Schematic section of the Project 627 submarine and diagram of the nose after modernization

The robust hull was made of AK-25 steel and was divided into 9 waterproof compartments:

1. Bow torpedo; 2. Battery, residential; 3. Central post compartment; 4. Auxiliary equipment compartment; 5. Reactor compartment; 6. Turbine compartment; 7. Electromechanical compartment; 8, 9. Living compartment and ship systems compartment.

The ship was equipped with a nuclear power plant with a rated power of 35 thousand liters. With. which included a pair of water-cooled reactors VM-A with a power of 70 mW (placed sequentially in the middle part of the hull in the centerline plane of the vessel) with steam generators and a pair of turbo-gear units 60-D with a total power of 35 thousand hp. Low-noise CP propellers (controllable pitch propeller) have been developed for a nuclear submarine.

The reactor compartment was equipped with iron-water biological protection, which ensured the radiation safety of crew members. There was a pair of DC diesel generators DG-400 (diesel engine M-820). Auxiliary rowing electric motors ensured a speed of up to 8 knots.

To increase its acoustic stealth, the main equipment of the boat was cushioned, vibration-damping coatings were used, and the light hull of the vessel also received an anti-sonar coating (a world first for nuclear submarines). However, despite the measures taken, the noise level of the first nuclear-powered icebreaker of the USSR was significantly superior to its American counterparts.

The boat was equipped with hydroacoustic weapons, which were based on the MG-200 Arktika-M GAS (hydroacoustic station), capable of operating in echo and noise direction finding mode. The station's antenna was located in front of the wheelhouse fence. Also, there was a hydroacoustic station for detecting underwater communications and hydroacoustic signals “Svet”, a noise direction finding station “Mars-16KP”, as well as a sonar system for detecting underwater obstacles “Luch”.

The radar armament included the Prizma torpedo firing and surface target detection radar, as well as the Nakat radar reconnaissance station.

The nuclear submarine was equipped with radio communication equipment similar to that used on diesel-electric submarines of Project 611 and Project 613. The composition of navigational weapons was supplemented with the Pluto navigation system, which ensured the use of weapons and navigation when sailing within 80° southern and northern latitudes.

The torpedo armament was located in the bow of the ship and consisted of eight 533-mm torpedo tubes. Ammunition - 20 torpedoes 53-61MA or SET-53. Depending on the tasks of the nuclear submarines, there were various loading options. For the first time in the USSR submarine fleet, the ability to conduct torpedo fire at depths of up to 100 meters was provided. The generation of data for torpedo fire was provided by the Thorium assault rifle.

The ship had a ventilation and air conditioning system that provided the required level of temperature and humidity conditions while submerged (developed by the State Institute of Chemical Engineering, head V.S. Shpak). The system used a chemical method of replenishing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide (it should be noted that this solution, which increased the risk of fire on board the ship, led to the death of the K-8 nuclear submarine in 1970).

Characteristics of the Project 627 nuclear submarine

Maximum length – 107.4 m; Maximum width – 7.9 m; Average draft – 5.7 m; Displacement: normal – 3065 m3; full – 4750 m3; Buoyancy reserve – 30%; Maximum diving depth – 300 m; Full underwater speed – 30 knots; Surface speed – 15 knots; Autonomy – 60 days; Crew – 104 people.

The first Soviet nuclear submarine almost immediately began to explore the Arctic region. K-3, under the command of Captain First Rank Osipenko, covered 260 miles under Arctic ice in 1959. On July 17, 1962, this boat made the transition to the North Pole, but the ascent was prevented by a high-density ice cover, its thickness reaching 12 meters.

The K-3 nuclear submarine was given the name “Leninsky Komsomol” shortly after its Arctic voyage.

Later, the K-3 boat underwent modernization, which consisted of carrying out some modifications that increased the reliability of the steam production plant, installing a new torpedo firing system, replacing some equipment, and improving radio-electronic equipment. The Arktika-M GAS antenna was moved to the bow end of the vessel from the wheelhouse enclosure. An influx was formed at the bow end, protruding beyond the contours of the hull, and the antenna of the MG-10 noise direction-finding station was placed above the torpedo tubes.

Project 627 nuclear submarine (K-3 after modernization)

The Project 627 nuclear submarine was significantly superior in its main characteristics to the first American nuclear submarine SSN-571 Nautilus, which was put into service in September 1955 (3.5 years earlier than the K-3). In particular, the Soviet nuclear submarine had a much higher underwater speed (about 30 knots versus 22 knots of its American counterpart) as well as a maximum diving depth (300 and 210 meters, respectively).

The operation of the nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol ended in 1991, while the ship served on a par with other nuclear-powered ships. In August 1967, in the Norwegian Sea, while returning from combat service, a fire broke out on board the ship, which caused a fire in the hydraulics. As a result, 39 people died.

After the Leninsky Komsomol was decommissioned, it was proposed to convert it into a museum ship (the Malachite Design Bureau developed a corresponding project). However, for some reasons this did not happen.

Nuclear submarine - a new type of weapon

In its appearance and tactical and technical elements, the developed version of the nuclear submarine was significantly different from the diesel-electric ones then in service. The ability to dive to a depth 1.5 times greater than the “traditional” one, the ability to move at a constant speed of up to 25 knots for a long time, and remain submerged for up to 50-60 days - all these were previously unattainable qualities.

One of the nuclear submarines of Project 627 (“Kit”) on the slipway. The covers of the torpedo tubes in the bow of the ship and the antenna fairing protruding from below are clearly visible.

The cigar-shaped hull with an elliptical bow was also unusual, which was dictated by the requirement to accommodate the bow torpedo tube for the T-15 torpedo, and also ensured a reduction in drag when moving underwater.

At the same time, the nuclear submarine also retained most of the features of a diesel submarine: neither the internal layout of the compartments, nor the ship’s electrical power system, designed to use direct current, nor the instruments and equipment were different. All this Project 627 (as the new submarine was dubbed) was inherited from the experimental prototype - Project 611 diesel boats.

About 135 enterprises and organizations throughout the country took part in the creation of the first-born of the domestic nuclear fleet, including 20 design bureaus, 35 research institutes and about 80 factories that supplied equipment. In just six years, it was possible to solve a most complex engineering problem, comparable in its novelty only to the creation of the first spacecraft.

Armament

Initially, the main caliber of Project 627 was supposed to be the thermonuclear Tsar Torpedo T-15, supplemented by two stern torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber without spare torpedoes for self-defense. The main armament of the Project 627A nuclear submarine was 8 bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber. The ammunition load consisted of 20 torpedoes; the boats could carry all existing types of torpedoes, including special ammunition with nuclear warheads. In the usual ammunition load of 20 torpedoes, 6 were with nuclear charges. In this project, for the first time in the USSR, the possibility of firing from depths of up to 100 meters was realized; the shooting was controlled using the Thorium automatic system. In addition to the bow TTs, the lead ship had two stern torpedo tubes of 406 mm caliber. No stern devices were installed on production ships.

Development of the Project 627 nuclear submarine

From March 1953 to May 1954, the SKB-143 team developed preliminary and technical designs for an experimental nuclear submarine. However, the work proceeded slowly - it required the involvement of dozens of production facilities and design bureaus from various sectors of the national economy of the USSR; the project was too complex and ambitious.

• The design of the power plant was carried out under the leadership of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• The steam-producing installation was developed by NII-8 of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, headed by N. A. Dollezhal.
• Together with NII-8, the Boiler Design Bureau of the Baltic Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze worked on the creation of steam generators (chief designer G. A. Gasanov)
• A special design bureau of the Leningrad Kirov Plant (OKB LKZ) created primary circuit pumps (chief designer N.M. Sinev).
• The development of the steam turbine unit was carried out by the Special Design Bureau of the Kirov Plant (chief designer M.A. Kazak) with the participation of power engineers from SKB-143, headed by G.A. Voronich.

The most complex engineering problems confronted the designers at every step.

Increasing the submarine's immersion depth required the creation of new high-strength steel AK-25 and welding materials for it (TsNII-48 shipbuilding industry). The development of issues of ensuring strength and testing were carried out by specialists from Central Research Institute-45 of the shipbuilding industry, and work was also carried out there to reduce the vibration activity of mechanisms and the noise of submarines. The development of the hydrodynamics of the nuclear submarine, which had an unconventional hull shape, wheelhouse fencing and stern empennage, was carried out in parallel by specialists from TsNII-45 and the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) of the aviation industry (work manager K.K. Fedyaevsky).

A major problem has become ensuring the livelihoods of nuclear submarine personnel under conditions of long-term stay in sealed rooms that have no connection with the atmosphere, under the influence of operating nuclear power plants and other equipment. A comprehensive air conditioning and ventilation system was developed to ensure the maintenance of comfortable temperature and humidity air parameters, special installations to ensure the maintenance of optimal gas composition, shipboard radiation monitoring equipment and other equipment. Testing of the developed equipment and habitability conditions was carried out on a specially converted submarine D-2. For 50 days, the crew lived and worked successfully on board the submarine, which became a test bench, isolated from the atmosphere.

A variety of electrical equipment was developed and created by Leningrad. A large range of work was carried out to create strike weapons for nuclear submarines - T-15 torpedoes, but the problem of achieving the required shooting accuracy and the effectiveness of their use remained not fully resolved.

Design

Frame

Unlike the Nautilus, which had a traditional stem-shaped nose, Project 627 received a rounded ellipse-shaped nasal tip that was more optimized for underwater passage. Over most of its length, the hull had a cylindrical shape with a small streamlined deckhouse, a thickening to accommodate the sonar in the bow, and a pronounced tail. Two screws were located in a horizontal plane.

Power point

In order to increase reliability, duplication of the main units was introduced, so a twin-shaft, twin-screw propulsion scheme was adopted. The basis of the energy system was two pressurized water nuclear reactors VM-A, which proved to be very unreliable, especially in terms of the primary circuit pipelines, which had a considerable length. The increased speed of underwater travel led to the use of automation systems: to stabilize the heading in direction, the “Course” system was used, and for stabilization in depth, the “Strela” system was used.

Crew accommodation

Ensuring the normal functioning of the crew under conditions of prolonged stay under water without contact with the atmosphere and in the vicinity of operating nuclear reactors has become an important problem. To solve it, a comprehensive air conditioning and ventilation system was used, but the fire-hazardous method of recirculating oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide used in it became a source of frequent problems and several catastrophic fires [1], in particular, K-8 died precisely as a result of the ignition of the cartridges of the air regeneration system.

Project 627: instead of an attack ship, a sea hunter

In July 1954, Navy specialists were first involved in the work on creating a nuclear submarine. The expert group of sailors noted in their conclusion the problematic nature of effectively using the ship for its main purpose. To strike a nuclear submarine, it was necessary to approach the target at a distance of at least 40 km, clarify its location using coastal landmarks using radar, and only then fire a shot. Considering the impossibility of maintaining secrecy with this method of submarine operations in enemy coastal areas in the face of anti-submarine forces, Navy experts concluded that the armament of an experienced nuclear submarine was unreasonable.

The speed and defensive weapons were also considered insufficient, noting a number of shortcomings along the way.

As a result, at the request of the Navy, the technical design of the first Soviet nuclear submarine will undergo adjustments, or rather, reworking.

In the final version of the Project 627 nuclear submarine, T-15 torpedoes were excluded from the armament, and instead they were equipped with eight 533 mm torpedo tubes with a total ammunition load of 20 torpedoes. The first domestic nuclear submarine, which received powerful torpedo armament, was now intended not to attack the coast, but to fight enemy warships and transports on ocean and remote sea communications.

Project 627 nuclear submarine (“Kit”) in the port.

History of creation

On September 12, 1952, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin signed a decree “On the design and construction of object 627” - on the start of work on the creation of a nuclear-powered submarine, which was supposed to be a response to the construction of the USS Nautilus nuclear submarine in the United States. A. P. Aleksandrov was appointed scientific director of the creation of the first nuclear submarine, and N. A. Dollezhal was appointed chief designer of the nuclear steam production plant. The task of designing the ship was given to Leningrad SKB-143 (later known as PKB Malakhit), which had previously been designing high-speed submarines. The chief designer of the project was V.N. Peregudov, who had previously been involved with his group in creating the pre-design stage of the project.

Design of the Project 627 nuclear submarine

After adjusting the technical design, the Project 627 nuclear submarine retained the main features of previous developments: a double-hull architecture, an elongated hull with an extended (about half the length of the ship) cylindrical insert and cross sections close to circular, an elliptical shape of the bow and “flat” contours of the stern, which ensured the placement of a twin-shaft power plant.

The characteristic streamlined contours of the light hull, wheelhouse fencing and protruding parts, which were given to the first nuclear submarine, later became a distinctive feature, a kind of “calling card” of submarines designed by SKB-143.

The submarine's robust hull was divided into nine compartments. In terms of functionality, the nasal compartments were similar to those adopted on diesel-electric submarines:

• I - bow torpedo
• II - battery
• III - compartment of the central post
• IV - auxiliary equipment compartment
• V - reactor
• VI - turbine
• VII - electromechanical compartment
• VIII - living quarters and equipment of ship systems
• IX - living quarters and equipment of ship systems

The power plant of the Project 627 nuclear submarine included two reactors with steam generators and two turbo-tooth units. The reactors of the VM-A water-cooled steam generating unit were installed sequentially one after another in the center plane of the ship, and the steam generators were located on the side of them (on the left side were the steam generators of the bow reactor, on the right side were the aft reactors).

The power plant compartments were equipped with biological protection means, which, in combination with specially developed measures, were supposed to ensure radiation safety on the ship. Installation of the power plant in the middle part of the hull made it easier to trim the ship and made it possible to allocate compartments in which the crew’s living quarters and combat posts were located forward and aft of the premises occupied by the power plant.

In the VII-electromechanical compartment, auxiliary propulsion electric motors were located, providing movement at speeds of up to 8 knots.

The rationality of the layout of the premises was achieved by testing the placement of equipment on full-scale mock-ups, which were carried out for all compartments of the submarine.

The Project 627 nuclear submarine was armed with surveillance, communication and navigation equipment that was quite advanced for its time, most of which had already been used on diesel submarines of Projects 611 and 613.

Model of the nuclear submarine Project 627 (“Whale”), the entire bow of the ship is clearly visible.

Hydroacoustic weapons included:

• hydroacoustic station "Arktika", which ensured detection of targets and determination of their coordinates in echo and noise direction finding modes
• hydroacoustic station for detecting hydroacoustic signals and sound-underwater communications "Svet"
• noise direction finding station "Mars-16KP"
• sonar station for detecting underwater obstacles "Luch".

The radar armament included a Prizma surface target detection and torpedo firing control station and a Nakat radar detection station.

The radio communications equipment consisted of sets of receiving and transmitting equipment similar to those installed on diesel-electric submarines of projects 611 and 613. They ensured the reception of radiograms transmitted from coastal command posts (BCP), including in the long-wave range at shallow depths, as well as two-way communication in the long-wave ranges and short waves with armored personnel carriers, ships and aircraft of the Navy.

Navigation weapons were supplemented with a specially developed Pluto navigation system, which provided navigation and the use of torpedo weapons when sailing within 80 degrees of northern and southern latitudes.

The torpedo armament of the Project 627 nuclear submarine had high combat characteristics. For the first time in domestic practice, all types of torpedoes could be fired at depths of up to 100 m. The generation of firing data for them was carried out automatically by the Thorium system.

To ensure ship navigation, automatic heading and depth control was used for the first time using the Kurs and Strela stabilizers.

In order to increase acoustic stealth, mechanisms with reduced vibration-noise characteristics were used, the main equipment was shock-absorbed, vibration-damping coatings were used, the hull was lined with an anti-hydrolocation coating, low-noise propellers were installed, etc. As a result, the underwater noise of the Project 627 nuclear submarine when moving at medium speed at periscope depth was lower than for diesel submarines of projects 611 and 613.

Submarines of project 627 / 645 "Kit"

PLAT – Project 627, 627A “Kit”

K-3 “Leninsky Komsomol” 9/24/1955 / 10/9/1957 / 12/17/1958 K-5 8/13/1956 / 9/1/1958 / 12/27/1959 K-8 9/9/1957 / 5/31/1959 / 12/31/1959 K-14 2.9 .1958 / 16.8.1959 / 30.12.1959 K-52 8.7.1959 / 28.8.1960 / 10.12.1960 K-21 2.4.1960 / 18.6.1961 K-11 31.10.1960 / 1.9.19 61 / 30.12 .1961 K-133 3.7.1961 / 5.7.1962 / 29.10.1962 K-181 15.11.1961 / 7.9.1962 / 27.12.1962 K-115 4.4.1962 / 22.10.1962 / 31.12.1962 K-159 15.8.1962 / 6.6.1963 / 9.10.1963 K-42 “Rostov Komsomolets” 28.11.1962 / 17.8.1963 / 30.11.1963 K-50 14.3.1962 / 16.12.1963 / 18.7.1964

In the United States, the program for creating submarines was developed in December 1945, and from the next year, work on its implementation began at an accelerated pace. Already in 1948, the nuclear power plant project was completed, and on June 14, 1952, the laying of the world’s first submarine, Nautilus, took place at the Electric Boat Division shipyard of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton. In September 1955 - nine years after the start of work - she became part of the US Navy. Despite the secrecy, these works were known in the USSR. And on September 9, 1952, when work in the USA entered the stage of practical implementation. J.V. Stalin signed a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, according to which two groups of specialists were formed in Moscow: one to carry out design studies of the PPA, the other to study its nuclear power plants. The leadership of the first group was entrusted to the shipbuilding engineer Captain 1st Rank V.N. Peregudov, and the group of power engineers was headed by N.A. Dollezhal, later an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The director of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician A.P. Aleksandrov, was appointed as the general scientific director of the work on the creation of nuclear power plants and power plants.

The work of the design group of the submarine and its nuclear power plant was carried out in parallel and was exploratory in nature. Given the special secrecy of the work, the circle of specialists involved was very limited. Even naval command specialists during this period did not participate in the studies and development of requirements for the tactical and technical elements (TTE) of the submarine. By March 1953, the development of the submarine was completed to the extent of the pre-design design. According to the original plan, it was intended to strike the enemy’s coastal areas with a special T-15 torpedo (caliber 1550 mm, length about 24 m) with a nuclear warhead (a ballistic missile, while a submarine weapon had not yet been considered). Torpedoes of conventional caliber 533 mm were included in the armament as a means of self-defense.

The first submarine was supposed to have a speed of up to 25 knots, with which it could move for a long time in a submerged position. In total, the duration of scuba diving should have been up to 50-60 days. The immersion depth of the first domestic submarine increased by one and a half times compared to submarines of the WWII period. At the same time, the technical solutions for the first submarine retained the approaches characteristic of the submarine (the submarine pr.611 was adopted as a prototype). In particular, the basic layout of the ship was preserved, the electrical power system was based on the use of a constant current, and some of the same type of equipment and instruments were used. The use of direct current was also explained by the desire to simplify the backup power supply from batteries, especially for the circulation pumps of the reactor primary circuit.

The development of the project for an experimental submarine pr.627, code “Kit” (according to NATO classification – November) was entrusted to the Special Design Bureau 143 (later PKB “Malachite”). created in 1948 in Leningrad for the design of high-speed submarines with new types of power plants. In 1948-1953, SKB-143 carried out work on submarines from PSTU pr.617. V.N. Peregudov was appointed head of SKB-143 and chief designer of the submarine pr.627. From March 1953 to May 1954, preliminary and technical designs of an experimental submarine were developed at SKB-14Z. Leading research and development organizations in industry have completed the necessary set of experimental and development work to develop technical solutions, create equipment, weapons and structural materials. The key task was the development of nuclear power plants and a set of associated equipment. The design of the nuclear power plant was carried out under the leadership of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The steam-producing installation was developed by NII-8 of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, headed by N.A. Dollezhal. Together with NII-8, the Boiler Design Bureau of the Baltic Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze worked on the creation of steam generators (chief designer G.A. Gasanov), and the Special Design Bureau of the Leningrad Kirov Plant (OKB LKZ) of primary circuit pumps (chief designer N.M. Sinev) . The development of the steam turbine plant was carried out by the Special Design Bureau of the Kirov Plant (chief designer M.A. Kazak) with the participation of power engineers from SKB-143, headed by G.A. Voronich. A major drawback of the electrical power plant scheme adopted in the project was the mounted electric generators, which operated from the main turbo-gear units, that is, only while the ship was moving. The duration of stay on the foot or in reverse was determined by the capacity of the backup batteries. Increasing the submarine's immersion depth required the creation of a new AK-25 steel, which was obtained by modifying one of the grades of armor steel. The development of steel was carried out at Central Research Institute-48 of the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry (director G.I. Kopyrin). Although the development of the hydrodynamics of the submarine, which had an unconventional hull shape, wheelhouse enclosure and aft empennage, was carried out in parallel by specialists from TsNII-45 and TsAGI, the chosen design, especially the aft end, turned out to be far from perfect and in practice turned out to be even worse than that of the first generation US SSN , which, as is known, initially had the usual “diesel” body architecture. An important problem has become ensuring the livelihoods of submarine personnel under conditions of long-term stay in sealed rooms that have no connection with the atmosphere, under the influence of operating nuclear power plants and other equipment. Although a comprehensive air conditioning and ventilation system was developed to provide comfortable temperature and humidity parameters of the air and ensure the vital functions of the crew, it also had a major drawback due to the use of a fire-hazardous chemical method for absorbing carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen. It was chemical absorbers that caused a number of catastrophic fires on first-generation submarines.

In July 1954, an expert group of operational sailors was involved in the work on creating the submarine, which noted in its conclusion the problematic nature of effectively using the ship for its main purpose (shelling the shore with T-15 nuclear torpedoes). In addition, the conclusion of the expert group noted the insufficient full speed, the adopted composition of self-defense weapons (two 533-mm torpedoes and two torpedoes) and a number of other shortcomings. In the final version, the T-15 torpedoes were removed from the Project 627 submarine, and eight 533-mm torpedoes with a total ammunition load of 20 torpedoes were installed instead. For the first time in domestic practice, shooting was possible at depths of up to 100 m. All types of existing torpedoes could be used with the submarine. The generation of data for firing was carried out automatically by the Thorium system. In the new version, the submarine was intended to combat enemy warships and transports on ocean and remote sea communications.

Hydroacoustic weapons included the Arktika-M sonar system, which ensured detection of targets and determination of their coordinates in echo and noise direction finding modes. GAS for detecting hydroacoustic signals and underwater sound communication “Svet”, noise direction-finding station “Mars-16KP” and GAS for detecting underwater obstacles “Luch”. The radar armament included a Prizma surface target detection and torpedo firing control station and a Nakat radar detection station. The radio communications equipment consisted of sets of receiving and transmitting equipment similar to those installed on the submarines pr. 611 and 613. Navigation weapons were supplemented with the Pluto navigation complex, which provided navigation and the use of torpedo weapons when sailing within 80 degrees of northern and southern latitudes. Structurally, the PLA had: a two-hull architecture, an elongated body (length to width ratio - 13.3) with an extended (about half the length) cylindrical insert and cross sections close to circular, an elliptical shape of the bow end and “flat” contours of the stern, which ensured the placement of a twin-shaft installation . The characteristic streamlined contours of the light hull, wheelhouse fencing and protruding parts subsequently became a distinctive feature of the submarines designed by SKB-143.

The durable body of the submarine was divided into nine compartments: 1 - bow torpedo, 2 - battery and living quarters, 3 - central post compartment, 4 - auxiliary equipment compartment, 5 - reactor, 6 - turbine, 7 - electromechanical, 8 and 9 - residential and ship systems

The nuclear power plant included two reactors with steam generators and the same number of turbo-gear units. The reactors of the VM-A water-water-type steam-generating installation were installed sequentially one after another in the center plane of the ship, and the steam generators were located on the sides of them. The reactor compartment is equipped with iron-water biological shielding, which ensured radiation safety on the ship. The calculated power at full speed, at 100% reactor power, was 35,000 hp. In terms of compactness and power density, the domestic nuclear power plant had no equal. The leadership of the USSR Navy in this matter always remained unchanged, although these qualities were “bought” at the cost of increased vibration activity of lighter mechanisms. The rationality of the layout of the premises was first achieved by testing the placement of equipment on full-scale mock-ups, carried out for all compartments of the submarine. Nevertheless, in order to increase acoustic stealth, the main equipment was shock-absorbed, vibration-damping coatings were used, the lightweight hull had an anti-hydrolocation coating, low-noise propellers were installed, etc. As a result, the underwater noise of the Project 627 submarine when moving at medium speed at periscope depth was even lower than that of the submarine Projects 611 and 613. However, in terms of their acoustic characteristics, the first submarines of the USSR were significantly inferior to those of the US Navy. But at that time, the problem of acoustic stealth did not yet seem to be a priority for the submarine designers.

In June 1954, at the SMP (then Shipyard No. 402), in the strictest secrecy and in a specially fenced off part of one of the workshops, the construction of an experimental submarine pr.627 began. At the same time, a ground-based prototype of a nuclear power plant was created in Obninsk, which was brought to the energy level at the beginning of 1956. The PLA creation program was elevated to the rank of a national task and was constantly monitored by the government and political leadership of the country. The solemn ceremony of laying the submarine pr.627 took place on September 24, 1955. The rapid pace of construction allowed her to be launched on August 9, 1957, to a high degree of readiness. On September 14 of this year, the ship's reactors were physically launched, reaching their minimum controlled power level. During the tests, the ship and its power plant were mastered by the crew. Its units and services were headed primarily by young officers who went through a demanding competitive selection system. The preparation and training of the personnel of the electromechanical warhead serving the nuclear power plant took place at a full-scale stand in Obninsk under the direct supervision of Academician A.P. Alexandrova.

The first commander of the Project 627 submarine, which received the tactical number K-Z, was appointed an experienced submariner, captain 1st rank L.G. Osipenko, and the commander of the electromechanical warhead was engineer-captain 2nd rank B.P. Akulova. On July 4, 1958, at 10:30 am, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, a nuclear power plant was launched. During sea trials, the nuclear power plant confirmed its performance in real sea conditions, including pitching, heeling and trim, as well as diving to extreme depths. The nuclear power plant turned out to be well controlled and stable in operation. During the testing period, the power of the nuclear power plant was limited to 60% of the nominal. In this case, a speed of 23.3 knots was obtained, which exceeded the calculated value for this power by 3 knots. When the nuclear power plant was brought to full power, the speed would be 28 -30 knots. Trial operation of the submarine in the USSR Navy began in January 1959. During it, the first experimental operations to reload reactor cores were carried out.

Main performance characteristics of nuclear submarine pr.627

Maximum length – 107.4 m Maximum width – 7.9 m Waterline draft – 5.7 m Displacement: surface – 3101 t Displacement: underwater – 4069 t Full speed. surface – 15.5 knots. Full speed. underwater - 30 knots. Maximum diving depth – 300 m Operating diving depth – 240 m Total crew (officers) – 104 (24) Autonomy – 50 days.

In a number of its technical characteristics, the experimental submarine pr.627 was superior to its foreign counterpart, the Nautilus. However, the technology was not yet sufficiently developed and reliable. The main problem of nuclear power plants of the first Soviet submarines, which caused the greatest trouble to sailors and shipbuilders, was ensuring reliable operation of the nuclear power plant's steam generators. The fact is that, as a rule, after several hundred hours of operation, cracks formed in the tube bundles of steam generators, through which water from the primary circuit penetrated into the second, causing an increase in radioactivity in it. It is characteristic that such a problem did not arise on the ground-based prototype of the nuclear power plant. Only in the early 60s was this problem completely solved and the reliability of steam generators was brought to the required level. It should be noted that the insufficient reliability of the nuclear power plant did not allow sending a single submarine of the USSR Navy to the Atlantic during the Cuban crisis, although formally there were about a dozen of them in service only in the Northern Fleet at that time. For the successful development of new equipment, the K-3 commander, Captain 1st Rank L.G. Osipenko, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in July 1959, and many crew members were awarded orders and medals. For the creation of the first Soviet nuclear submarine in 1959, the chief designer of the submarine pr.627, V.N. Peregudov, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

About 135 enterprises and organizations throughout the country took part in the creation of the first-born of the domestic nuclear fleet, including 20 design bureaus, 35 research institutes and about 80 equipment supplying factories. In just six years, it was possible to solve a most complex engineering problem, comparable in its novelty only to the creation of the first spacecraft. After completion of trial operation, testing of structures and mechanisms in mid-1962, the K-3 was specially prepared to carry out the first voyage to the North Pole in the history of the Russian submarine fleet. On July 11, the submarine left the base and on July 15, K-3 surfaced for the first time in the ice hole at 84 degrees north latitude, and the State Flag of the USSR was planted on the ice. On July 17, 1962, the submarine reached the North Pole. However, it was not possible to surface due to the continuous ice cover, the thickness of which reached 12 meters. On July 21, 1962, K-3, which soon after this campaign was given the name “Lenin Komsomol”, which became known to the whole world, returned to Yokanga. The ship was met by members of the government headed by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev. Right on the pier, all members of the crew and scientific group who participated in the trip were presented with government awards. The leader of the campaign, Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin, the submarine commander, Captain 2nd Rank L.M. Zhiltsov, and the commander of the electromechanical combat unit, Engineer-Captain 2nd Rank R.A. Timofeev, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Taking into account the experience of developing the project of the first submarine, on October 22, 1955, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the creation of serial submarines with torpedo armament (PLAT) pr.627A, code “Kit”. The design of these ships was carried out in the same design bureau and was carried out under the supervision of Navy specialists. The main observer from the Navy was Captain 2nd Rank I.F. Bovykin, then Captain 2nd Rank B.F. Vasiliev. The design of serial boards retained the main technical solutions, equipment, main power plant and weapons adopted on the experimental submarine pr.627. At the same time, they implemented measures to increase the survivability of the submarine, the reliability of its equipment, changed the composition of navigational weapons, etc. In terms of its technical characteristics, the PLAT pr.627A practically did not differ from the experimental submarine.

In August 1956, the lead PLAT pr.627A K-5 was laid down at the NSR. In September 1958, it was launched, and on December 27, 1959, the first production submarine was accepted into the Navy. During the tests, the power of the power plant was limited to 80% of the nominal. At the same time, for the first time in the domestic submarine fleet, a long-term underwater speed of 28 knots was achieved. In total, 12 PLATs were built for the USSR Navy according to Project 627A on the SMP from 1956 to 1964. It is interesting to note that in the United States at this time large-scale construction of submarines had not yet begun. There, the search for the most promising types of submarines continued, and if construction was carried out, it was in limited series (4 “Skate” boards in 1958, 5 “Skipjack” boards in 1959). Only after the creation of the “Thresher” type board in 1962 was the search for the optimal type of board for subsequent large-scale construction finally completed and which was subsequently repeated with minor changes in all projects. Moreover, the drop-shaped shape of the hull of these boards was tested on a special experimental single-shaft diesel submarine “Albacore”. This hull form later even became known as “Albacore”. Of course, this approach to the creation of a nuclear submarine fleet was more balanced and rational, but in the conditions of that time in our country it was impossible: near the first person of the state, N.S. Khrushchev, there were a large number of leaders at all levels who wanted to report to receive another award and praise on “the rapid and widespread implementation of the results of the scientific and technological revolution in the Navy.” There were other objective and subjective reasons.

During the construction process, changes were made to Project 627A. So, to create more favorable operating conditions for the Arktika GAS, its antenna was moved from the wheelhouse fence to the keel part of the bow, where an influx protruding beyond the circular contours was formed. The antenna of the new MG-10 noise direction-finding station was placed above the TA. Subsequently, the K-3 and the first serial BOARDS pr.627A were modernized in the same way. In the early 60s, the main problems of ensuring reliable operation of submarines and their power plants were resolved. This made it possible to make a number of long trips, including ice swimming. In September 1963, K-115 under the command of Captain 2nd Rank R. Dubyaga (senior on board Captain 1st Rank V. Kichev) made the transition from the Barents Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The hike took place under the ice of the Arctic Ocean. A year after the K-3 voyage, in the second half of September 1963, the K-181 submarine under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Yu.A. Sysoev made a new Arctic voyage and on September 29 surfaced exactly at the geographic point of the North Pole. PLAT K-21 was received from the plant by Captain 3rd Rank V.N. Chernavin (the future and last Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy). She received the Guards rank and the Order of the Red Banner from the famous K-21 boat, which distinguished itself during the Great Patriotic War. PLAT K-21 was the first to complete a trip to full autonomy - 50 days. It is curious that they were afraid to let the boat go on a long voyage and it was “spinning” underwater in the Barents Sea. The possibility of using PLAT in tropical conditions was tested. In 1963, K-133 made a trip to the equatorial region of the Atlantic. In February - March 1966, the same PLAT, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank L.N. Stolyarov, participated in a group circumnavigation. Then the submerged PLAT covered about 20,000 miles in 54 days.

The PLAT pr.627A service was not without losses. So PLAT K-8 sank on 04/12/1970 during the “Ocean” exercise at 2 hours 15 minutes southwest of England, in the Bay of Biscay, after a fire that broke out underwater. The reason is the combustion of air regeneration cartridges (the same chemical absorbers mentioned above). The boat surfaced; ships that arrived in time tried to tow it, but a strong storm prevented this.

PLAT – Project 645ZhMT “Kit”

K-27 15.06.1958 / 01.04.1962 / 30.10.1963

The first nuclear submarines in both the USSR and the USA used steam-producing plants with water-water reactors. However, in 1957, the US Navy received a second experimental nuclear-powered vessel, the Seawolf, equipped with a liquid metal coolant reactor (LMC). The use of liquid metal reactors made it possible to improve the efficiency of a power plant due to a higher temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the reactor and an increase in the temperature of the superheated steam. Work on a ship reactor of a similar type began in the USSR in 1955. On October 22, 1955, a party and government decree was issued on the creation of an experimental nuclear torpedo submarine of Project 645 with a 2-reactor steam-producing plant with a liquid metal coolant (lead-bismuth alloy). Initially, the development of nuclear submarines was carried out under the leadership of chief designer V.N. Peregudov, in 1956 he was replaced by A.K. Nazarov. The main observers from the Navy were A.N. Donchenko and A.S. Gubkin. Tactical and technical specifications for the new boat were not issued; work began directly from the technical design stage: it was assumed that the Project 645 nuclear submarine should differ from the Project 627 boat only in the power plant, which would make it possible to evaluate with maximum objectivity the advantages of a power plant with liquid metal coolant. However, this plan was not fully realized. Changes were made to the ship's design based on the operating experience of the first nuclear-powered ships, as well as the results of tests of an experimental nuclear power plant with a liquid metal coolant at the stand of the Physics and Power Engineering Institute.

Work on the technical design of the nuclear submarine was completed in the fall of 1956. It should be noted that strict requirements were not set for the noise of the boat and the influence of its acoustic interference on the operation of on-board hydroacoustic stations. As part of the design, only calculations of the critical speed of the propellers and air noise in the ship's compartments were performed. In November 1957, working drawings were released, and on June 15, 1958, the laying of an experimental nuclear-powered ship was carried out in Severodvinsk. It was launched on April 1, 1962, and on October 30, 1963, the Project 645 nuclear submarine with the tactical number K-27 was included in the Navy. For mastering new technology in 1966, the submarine commander was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Like the ships of the 627th project, the new nuclear submarine was intended to combat enemy surface ships and transport vessels when operating in ocean and remote maritime theaters. The submarine's robust hull was made of a new steel alloy with a yield strength of 60 kgf/m2. Another innovation compared to Project 627 was the use of flat intercompartment bulkheads capable of withstanding a pressure of 12.5 kgf/cm2, which ensured emergency ascent from a depth of up to 100 m in the event of flooding of any of the compartments. Low-magnetic steel with a yield strength of 40 kgf/m2 was used for the first time to manufacture the light hull, ballast tanks, deckhouse fencing and ends of the ship. This made it possible, with the same value of the nuclear submarine’s magnetic field, to almost halve the mass of the demagnetizing device, reduce its power consumption by 50%, and halve the number of holes in the durable housing for the passage of the cable of the demagnetizing device.

The durable hull of the boat was divided into nine waterproof compartments with a slightly different arrangement than on Project 627: 1st - torpedo room 2nd - battery and residential 3rd - central post 4th - reactor 5th - turbogenerator (it housed also refrigeration units and auxiliary mechanisms) 6th - turbine 7th - electric motor 8th - residential (refrigerators were also located in it) 9th - residential (steering gears were also located in it)

Moving the heavy reactors closer to the bow of the ship made it possible to improve the trim, but this layout solution simultaneously worsened the conditions for ensuring radiation safety of the central compartment, and the radar and radio room needed to be moved to the lower deck. Main power plant with a capacity of 35,000 l. With. consisted of 2 reactor steam-producing and two-shaft steam turbine units, two autonomous (and not mounted, as on the nuclear submarine of the 627th project) turbogenerators and a battery. The two VT-1 nuclear reactors with lead-bismuth liquid metal coolant included in the power plant had a total power of 146 mW. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the reactor was 440°C, and the temperature of the superheated steam was up to 355°C. The reactors had a number of operational advantages. In particular, their cooling was carried out without the use of steam generators and primary circuit pumps due to the natural circulation of the alloy and the inclusion of cooling channels. The possibility of radioactivity spreading into the second circuit and into the power compartments was excluded in the event of a violation of the density of the steam generators as a result of higher pressure in the second circuit compared to the first. The autonomous turbogenerator (ATG) included a single-casing active turbine with a gearbox, a capacitor and a direct current electric generator. A planetary gearbox was used on the starboard ATG. The power at the terminals was 1600 kW at a voltage of 320 V and a rotation speed of 1500 rpm. Autonomous turbogenerators made it possible to carry out extensive maneuvering of the submarine in any mode of operation of the power plant and long-term travel under the propeller electric motors in the event of failure of both main turbo-gear units (the boat was equipped with two PG-116 sneak engines with a power of 450 hp each).

Unlike the Project 627 ship, the use of an auxiliary diesel-electric installation was not envisaged (the creators of the nuclear-powered ship somewhat rashly believed that the presence of autonomous turbogenerators provided the necessary reliability of the power plant). For the first time, a new system of pressurization and pressure control in the compartments, controlled from a central control station, was used. The central post of the Project 645 nuclear submarine has become more spacious and comfortable compared to the Project 627 ship. In terms of the composition of hydroacoustic, radar, television and navigational weapons, as well as communications, the boat was almost similar to the Project 627 nuclear submarine (GAS “Arktika-M”, radar “Nakat-M”, navigation complex “Pluton-645”). At the same time, a second periscope was installed on the ship, which increased the reliability of visual observation. The torpedo armament of the Project 645 nuclear submarine consisted of four bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber with an ammunition load of 12 torpedoes of type 53-57 and SET-65. For the first time in the world, a rapid loading device for torpedo tubes was used on the 645th boat. It had individual torpedo feed mechanisms for each TA, allowing for simultaneous loading. For the creation of a new type of power plant for the Project 645 nuclear submarine, a group of specialists was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964.

Characteristics of the Project 645 nuclear submarine

Maximum length - 109.8 m Maximum width - 8.3 m Average draft - 5.9 m Displacement: normal - 3420 cubic meters. total – 4380 cubic meters Reserve buoyancy – 28.0% Maximum diving depth – 300 m Operating diving depth – 270 m Full underwater speed – 30.2 knots. Surface speed - 14.7 knots. Autonomy – 50 days. Crew – 105 people.

During operation, numerous cracks of varying lengths appeared in the light hull of the ship. It turned out that the main reason for cracking was that low-magnetic steel has low corrosion-mechanical strength. Under the influence of sea water, intercrystalline corrosion developed in it, leading to the formation of cracks. In the future, it was decided to abandon the use of low-magnetic steel on submarines. The demagnetizing device also did not prove its worth during operation. It turned out that it was designed unsatisfactorily, the degree of magnetic field compensation and its stability were insufficient. An equally unsuccessful decision, as the experience of operating the Project 645 ship has shown, was the rejection of the auxiliary diesel power plant. Measures to reduce the acoustic field of the Project 645 nuclear submarine were, as it turned out, clearly insufficient. The noise of the boat was not only higher than the noise of the US Navy nuclear submarines, but also significantly exceeded the requirements established by the USSR Navy. Already during the operation of the ship, improvements were made aimed at increasing its acoustic stealth. However, the main difficulties in operating the boat were caused by a power plant with liquid metal reactors. The operation of the boat during long-term parking, as well as during docking, has become significantly more complicated. It was necessary to maintain the temperature of the primary coolant above its melting point (125°C). It was difficult to carry out repair work on the primary circuit due to contamination of its equipment with highly active polonium-210, formed during neutron radiation from bismuth. The equipment at the base site of a nuclear submarine with a liquid metal reactor became significantly more complicated (a system for preparing the alloy, containers and devices for receiving radioactive coolant from the nuclear submarine were required). After entering service, the K-27 made two trips to full autonomy. During the cruises, the nuclear submarine sailed at various depths (up to working depths) and speeds. At the same time, the features of the power plant did not impose any restrictions on the operation of the ship. In May 1968, K-27 went to sea to check the performance of the power plant, as well as to practice combat training tasks. On May 24, while checking the operating parameters of the power plant at full speed, a sharp drop in reactor power occurred. At the same time, a significant increase in pressure in the gas system of the primary circuit, an increase in the coolant level in the buffer tank and the appearance of water in the emergency condenser were noted. The most likely cause of the accident, which resulted in the death of nine crew members of the nuclear-powered ship, was a sharp deterioration in heat removal in the core due to the ingress of lead-bismuth alloy oxides and slags into it. In connection with the accident, additional research was required into the effect of the alloy and the oxides dissolved in it on the circulation of the coolant, as well as the condition of the circuit surfaces, and the study of the conditions for the formation of insoluble slags and dusty oxides. The results obtained were used in the development of power plants for Project 705 boats. After the accident, restoration of the K-27 was considered inappropriate. She was in reserve for 13 years, after which she was sunk in the Kara Sea.

K-3 project 627 goes to sea

The ceremonial laying ceremony of the experimental nuclear submarine of Project 627 took place on September 24, 1955 at plant No. 402 of the shipbuilding industry in Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk). Construction was carried out intensively, and by August 1957 the installation of the main equipment was completed. On August 9 of the same year, the submarine was launched. It is characteristic that this operation was performed using the transverse descent method.

In September 1957, mooring tests of the nuclear submarine began, during which the main attention was paid to the nuclear power plant. On September 14, the ship's reactors were physically launched, bringing them to a minimum controlled power level.

During the mooring tests, a number of problems were revealed in the operation of some mechanisms, systems and devices. Defective equipment was replaced and a number of designs were quickly modified. So, in particular, to eliminate cavitation of the circulation pumps of the main condensers, it was necessary to manufacture and install special water guide shafts on the underwater part of the nuclear submarine hull, which was afloat.

There were some oddities too. Even before loading the reactor cores on the ship, an increased background radiation was detected. The reason, as it turned out, was not in the reactor at all; everything was much more banal. To highlight the instrument scales, phosphorescent paints of a special composition were used, which, as it turned out, contained radioactive substances. It was necessary to remove this paint from numerous devices, and then completely remove it from production, because it was used not only in shipbuilding, but also in other areas of production.

The first commander of the Project 627 nuclear submarine, which received the tactical number K-3 (cruising - three, later Leninsky Komsomol ), was appointed an experienced submariner, captain 1st rank Leonid Gavrilovich Osipenko. Captain 2nd Rank Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov became the senior assistant commander, and engineer-captain 2nd Rank Boris Petrovich Akulov became the commander of the electromechanical combat unit.

At the beginning of July 1958, the K-3 was presented to a government commission chaired by Vice Admiral V.N. Ivanov for sea trials, which took place in the White Sea from July 3 to December 1.

On July 4, 1958, at 10:30 a.m., for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, a nuclear power plant was set in motion. The crew successfully completed the task of the first exit - checking the functionality of the nuclear power plant and the main equipment of the nuclear submarine. The historical countdown of miles traveled by the Russian nuclear fleet has begun.

During sea trials, the nuclear power plant confirmed its performance in real sea conditions, including pitching, heeling and trim, as well as diving to extreme depths. The nuclear power plant turned out to be well controlled and stable in operation.

During the period of sea trials, the K-3 made five trips to sea, during which the main tactical and technical elements specified during the design were actually confirmed. The “Act of the Government Commission on Sea Trials...” noted that the nuclear submarine created for the first time in the Soviet Union is the largest domestic scientific and engineering achievement in the field of underwater shipbuilding. Compared to the diesel submarines that existed at that time, the nuclear submarine had 1.5-2 times greater underwater speed, which it could travel 25-30 thousand miles with virtually no speed limit.

Thus, the submarine's underwater range was 60-75 times greater than that of diesel-electric submarines, which could travel about 400 miles only at low speed.

In a number of its technical characteristics, the experimental nuclear submarine of Project 627 was superior to its foreign counterpart, the Nautilus, and although, as it turned out later, the set of acoustic protection measures taken turned out to be insufficient to create a low-noise ship (in this indicator, the K-3 was indeed significantly inferior to the Nautilus ), because the problem of acoustic stealth, at this stage, did not yet seem to be a priority for the submarine designers.

In mid-1962, K-3 was specially prepared to carry out the first voyage to the North Pole in the history of the Russian submarine fleet. We reinforced the wheelhouse fencing and light hull, installed special hydroacoustic stations for searching for polynyas and clearings, new navigation equipment, and an underwater television system.

On July 11, the nuclear submarine left the base and soon approached the edge of the ice. On July 15, K-3 surfaced for the first time in the ice hole at 84 degrees north latitude, and the State Flag of the USSR was planted on the ice.

On July 17, 1962, the nuclear submarine reached the North Pole. At 7 o'clock in the morning she first passed underwater through its geographical point. However, it was not possible to surface due to the continuous ice cover, the thickness of which reached 12 meters. We passed the North Pole point again on the return course at about 10 am.

In the following days, K-3 continued to navigate under the polar ice and surfaced several times to conduct communication and observation sessions, including in an ice hole, the size of which was only slightly larger than the length of the nuclear submarine. During the trip we covered 3,115 miles, including about 1,300 miles under ice. The voyage took place at an average speed of about 15 knots at a depth of 15-120 meters.

On July 21, 1962, K-3, which soon after this campaign was given the name “Lenin Komsomol” , which became known to the whole world, returned to Yokanga. The ship was met by members of the government headed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. S. Khrushchev. Right on the pier, all members of the crew and scientific group who participated in the trip were presented with government awards. The leader of the campaign, Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin, the commander of the nuclear submarine, Captain 2nd Rank L.M. Zhiltsov, and the commander of the electromechanical combat unit, Engineer-Captain 2nd Rank R.A. Timofeev, were awarded the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union.

November-class submarine

The “Noyabrsky” class included 14 submarines: Project 627 (K-3 Leninsky Komsomol

), Project 627A (K-5, K-8, K-11, K-14, K-21, K-42
Rostov Komsomolets
, K-50, K-52, K-115, K-133, K- 159, K-181), project 645 (K-27).
K - "Cruising submarine "
(literally "cruising submarine").

Project 627

K-3

Later named Lenin Komsomol

. The only submarine of this class, built according to the original design of Project 627. Construction began at the Severodvinsk Shipyard "SEVMASH" in June 1954. Keel was laid down on September 24, 1955. Launched on August 9, 1957. The first nuclear power launch was on June 4, 1958. On January 17, 1959, the installation was transferred to the Navy for trial operation. [4]

A serious accident occurred on board the K-3 on September 8, 1967. The submarine was patrolling in the Mediterranean Sea, and on the 56th day of the voyage at a depth of 49 m during the voyage, a fire occurred in the hydraulic system in the first compartment. come back home. It happened northeast of the Faroe Islands and 39 sailors died due to carbon monoxide poisoning (boatswain Lunya was the only person at the central station who did not pass out. He surfaced in the submarine and rescued the commander and his deputy, who organized damage control ). The submarine successfully reached the base. K-3 completed 14 long-distance cruises and covered 128,443 miles over 30 years (1958–1988).

K-3

Project 627A

K-5

Laid down on August 13, 1956. Launched on September 1, 1958. Commissioned on December 26, 1959.

K-8

Laid down September 9, 1957 Launched May 31, 1959 Launched December 31, 1959

On April 12, 1970, after four days on the surface, K-8 sank after returning from patrol and participation in the large-scale naval exercise Ocean 70. [4] The accident occurred due to a short circuit that occurred in compartments III and VII simultaneously at a depth of 120 m, and a subsequent fire in the air conditioning system. This was the first loss of a Soviet nuclear submarine. 52 sailors, including commander captain 2nd rank Vsevolod Borisovich Bessonov, died from CO2 poisoning and flooding of a surface boat during 80 hours of emergency response in stormy conditions, 73 sailors were rescued. K-8 sank with four nuclear torpedoes on board at a depth of 4680 m (Bay of Biscay). [ citation needed

] . There had also been three minor K-8 incidents on patrol previously (steam generator failures in 1960–1961).

K-14

K-14 was laid down on September 2, 1958, launched on August 16, 1959, commissioned on December 30, 1959. K-14 entered service with the Northern Fleet (transferred to the 206th separate nuclear submarine brigade, based in Malaya Lopatka West Litsa fjord. ) August 31, 1960. In 1960, the submarine completed 9 cruises (1,997 miles up and 11,430 miles underwater), including patrols in the Atlantic Ocean. In connection with the reform of K-14 submarine units, in January 1961 it was transferred to the 3rd nuclear submarine division, which was part of the 1st submarine flotilla. In 1961, the submarine made 4 voyages (covering 1,356 miles up and 1,967 miles underwater).

The first experimental unloading of reactor cores directly at a naval base was carried out on K-14 in 1961. In 1962, due to the failure of the reactor protection systems, the reactor compartment was replaced.

From 30 August to 17 September 1966, the submarine made an under-ice passage from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Fleet, K-14 surfacing 19 times to the North Pole in search of the Soviet research drifting station SP-15 to provide medical assistance to one. expeditioners from the station. For this Arctic campaign, the captain of the K-14, captain 1st rank D.N. Golubev, and the commander of the 3rd division of nuclear submarines (senior officer on board), captain 1st rank N.K. Ignatov, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

K-14 was transferred to the 10th submarine division (based in Krasheninnikov Bay) as part of the 15th submarine squadron of the Red Banner Pacific Fleet. In 1966–1970, the submarine completed 4 patrol missions (160 days), and from December 1970 to March 1973, it was under medium repair. In November 1973, the 10th submarine division became part of the 2nd submarine flotilla of the Red Banner Pacific Fleet. K-14 in 1973–1975 completed 3 patrol missions (135 days), in 1979–1982. participated in training trips. On February 12, 1988, during repair work at the Navy base, a fire occurred in the hold of compartment VII; the fire was suppressed using underwater chemical extinguishing agents, but one person died.

The submarine was used in training cruises since 1988 and was withdrawn from the Navy on April 19, 1990. Since 2000, she has been laid up in Postovaya Bay (Sovetskaya Gavan). K-14 completed 14 long-distance missions and covered 185,831 miles. (22,273 operating hours) since commissioning. [9]

K-52

Laid down on October 15, 1959, launched on August 28, 1960, and put into service on December 10, 1960. Decommissioned in 1987.

K-21

K-21 was laid down on April 2, 1960, launched on June 18, 1961. K-21 entered service with the Northern Fleet (transferred to the 3rd Division of Nuclear Submarines, which was part of the 1st Submarine Flotilla, based in Malaya Lopatka Zapadnaya Litsa Fjord) November 28, 1961. In the same year, the submarine made an Arctic voyage (ascended to a height of 2,382 miles and under water - 3,524 miles) and fired four torpedoes to determine the size of the hole after the explosion and the possibility of surfacing in it.

K-21 operated a long-range cruise from March 24 to May 14, 1962 (51 days, 10,124 miles covered, including 8,648 miles submerged), patrolling the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic under the "Fence" ("Protective Fence") plan between 23 April and 21 May 1964, patrol expedition in the Barents Sea in 1965, 3 patrol missions in 1967–1970. (Total 170 days). There were three interim overhauls: in 1965–1966, 1973–1975 (including a refueling in 1975) and 1983–1985. In 1975, K-21 was transferred to the 17th Submarine Division, part of the 11th Submarine Flotilla based at Gremikha. In 1976–1980, the submarine completed 4 patrol missions (200 days in total) and combat training cruises in 1986–1989.

K-21 was withdrawn from combat service in 1991. [4] As of May 2000, it lay in Gremikha Bay awaiting disposal. The K-21 has logged 190,831 miles (22,932 hours) since entering service. [10]

K-11

K-11 was laid down on October 31, 1960, launched on September 1, 1961, and put into operation on December 30, 1961. K-11 entered service with the Northern Fleet (transferred to the 3rd division of nuclear submarines, which was part of the 1st th flotilla of submarines based in Malaya Lopatka in the Zapadnaya Litsa fjord) March 16, 1962

In November 1964, during a scheduled repair in Severodvinsk, damage to the fuel rod sail was discovered, and a decision was made to refuel both reactors. On February 7, 1965, radioactive steam was released when the reactor lid was lifted. The crew members were evacuated from the reactor compartment, the reactor lid was lowered, and Navy headquarters was informed of the accident. Arriving naval experts incorrectly concluded that the deterioration of the radiation situation was only due to the release of highly active reactor water, and they allowed the refueling to continue. On February 12, 1965, during the second raising of the reactor lid, radioactive steam was released again due to inaccurate execution of work instructions, the crew members observing the process were evacuated from the reactor compartment, and the reactor lid was lowered. The uncontrolled reactor, with its lid in an unclear position, had been left unattended for 4 hours when the fire occurred. Attempts to extinguish the fire in the reactor compartment using fresh water and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers were unsuccessful, and shipyard fire trucks poured 250 tons of seawater into the reactor compartment. About 150 tons of this radioactive water spread to other compartments of the submarine through burnt-out seals and significantly worsened the radiation situation in the working area; 7 people were exposed to radiation. The only possible solution was to remove the contaminated reactor compartment and install a new one, which did not happen until August 1968.

K-11 flew five patrol missions in 1968–1970 (305 days). The submarine was modernized between November 1971 and September 1973 and transferred to the 17th Division of the 11th Submarine Flotilla based at Gremikha in 1975. K-11 flew four patrol missions in 1975–1977 (173 days) and five patrol missions in 1982–1985 (144 days). The submarine was decommissioned on April 19, 1990. Since 2000 it has been stationed in Gremikha. K-11 has logged 220,179 miles (29,560 operating hours) since entering service. [eleven]

K-133

K-133 was laid down on July 3, 1961, launched on July 5, 1962, and put into operation on October 29, 1962. [4] K-133 entered service with the Northern Fleet (transferred to the 3rd Submarine Division, which was part of the 1st 1st submarine flotilla, based on Bolshaya Lopatka in the Zapadnaya Litsa fjord) on November 14, 1962.

In 1963, the submarine made a long-distance (51 day) voyage to the Atlantic equatorial zone for the first time for the USSR Navy. From October 1964 to September 1965 it was under current repairs. K-133, together with K-116 (a Project 675 submarine), for the first time in the world, made an underwater voyage from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Fleet through the Drake Passage under the general. command of Rear Admiral A. Sorokin from February 2. to March 26, 1966. The submarines crossed the Barents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the entire Atlantic Ocean, entered the Pacific Ocean and completed the voyage in Kamchatka. K-133 covered about 21,000 miles during its 52-day voyage.

K-133 flew 2 patrol missions (103 days total) in 1966–1968, 2 patrol missions (93 days total) in 1971–1976, 1 patrol mission (48 days) in 1977, and 1 patrol mission in 1983–1986 years. The submarine was decommissioned on May 30, 1989. As of August 2006, she was moored in Postovaya Bay (Sovetskaya Gavan). Since entering service, the K-11 has covered 168,889 miles (21,926 operating hours). [12]

K-181

Laid down on November 15, 1961, launched on September 7, 1962, commissioned on December 27, 1962.

K-115

Laid down April 4, 1962, launched October 22, 1962, commissioned December 31, 1962.

K-159

Decommissioned submarine K-159 (renamed B-159 in 1989) at Gremikha in the Barents Sea on 28 August 2003 - ready to be towed to the yard for disposal

On August 30, 2003, the submarine K-159 sank during a storm when it was towed to a shipyard in Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk region, for scrapping (K-159 was decommissioned in 1987 [4]). Nine sailors died in the accident, one was rescued. . K-159 was discovered and examined by Russian deep-sea vehicles on the same day at 69°22.64'N, 33°49.51'E (Barents Sea, 3.8 km from Kildin Island) at a depth of 248 meters. The K-159 has flown 9 missions and covered 212,618 miles since June 1963.

K-42

Laid down on November 28, 1962, launched on August 17, 1963, and put into service on November 30, 1963. Was near K-431 during the nuclear fuel accident on August 10, 1985. As a result of the accident, the K-42 was also declared damaged beyond repair. and written off. [13]

K-50

K-50 was laid down on February 14, 1963 (using some of the mechanisms and equipment of the unfinished Project P627A submarine), launched on December 16, 1963, put into operation on July 17, 1964. K-60 entered service with the Northern Fleet (transferred to the 3rd Division of nuclear submarines, part of the 1st Submarine Flotilla, based in Malaya Lopatka in the Zapadnaya Litsa fjord) on August 6, 1964. The submarine was transferred to the 17th Submarine Division, based in Gremikha in 1969 (the 17th submarine division became part of the 11th submarine flotilla). in 1974).

The submarine completed a number of cruises, including participation in the naval exercise "Ograda" ( Protective Fence

) 4 March 1965 to 4 April 1965, North Atlantic patrol in July 1965, two patrols (161 days) in 1969–1973, one patrol in 1978 (51 days), one patrolling in December 1983 - January 1984. In addition to combat operations, the K-50 took part in training trips and testing new equipment. Refueling was carried out in September 1975 during a medium repair. K-50 was renamed K-60 in 1982.

She was taken out of combat service on April 19, 1990 and was stored in Gremikha Bay. Between 3 and 6 September 2006, the submarine was delivered by the heavy-lift vessel Transshelf.

(owned by the Dutch company Dockwise Shipping BV) to shipyard No. 10 (SRZ-10) in Polyarny for further disposal. The K-50 has logged 171,456 miles (24,760 operating hours) since entering service. [14]

Project 645

K-27

K-27 was laid down on June 15, 1958, launched on April 1, 1962. The submarine entered service on October 30, 1963, after full-scale sea trials by the builders and official tests. The design task was assigned to OKB-16, one of two predecessors (the other being SKB-143) of the famous Malachite Central Design Bureau, which eventually became one of three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers along with Rubin OKB. and Central Design Bureau "Lazurit" ("lazurit" - lapis lazuli in Russian).

The experimental submarine's first voyage to the Central Atlantic was carried out from April 21 to June 12, 1964 (52 days). Captain K-27, captain 1st rank I.I. Gulyaev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his successes in combat and the record of a submarine's long stay under water. The second patrol operation in the Mediterranean took place from June 29 to August 30, 1965 (60 days). K-27 detected and executed a mock nuclear torpedo attack on the USS Randolph during NATO naval maneuvers off Sardinia. The American carrier force was able to detect the K-27 only when it reached the range of the training target after a “torpedo attack,” but Soviet captain P.F. Leonov skillfully withdrew from the battle. K-27 traveled 12,425 miles (including 12,278 miles underwater) on its first voyage and 15,000 miles on its second. K-27 entered service with the Red Banner Northern Fleet (transferred to the 17th Submarine Division, based in Gremikha) on September 7, 1965 as a test submarine.

An accident in the left reactor occurred on May 24, 1968 in the Barents Sea during testing of the sunken K-27 at full speed (the automatic control thrust of the AR-1 spontaneously rose, and the reactor power decreased from 83% to 7% during testing. 60–90 sec) . The officers in charge informed command before the tests that the port side reactor had not yet been tested after a minor failure on October 13, 1967, but their warnings were not heeded. The accident was accompanied by the release of gamma activity in the reactor compartment (up to 150 R/hour and higher) and the spread of radioactive gas throughout the remaining compartments. All crew members (124 people) were irradiated, and the main reason, according to the recollections of some crew members, was that the captain of the submarine, Captain 1st Rank P.F. Leonov had too much faith in the reliability of the new type of reactor, so he did not give the order to immediately surface, did not inform the crew members in other compartments about the radiation danger on board, and did not even allow the crew to have lunch as usual. The radiation alert was transmitted only after a request from a chemist and a doctor. K-27 surfaced and returned from the test site to its base using the starboard reactor. The submarine was stationed at the pier in Severomorsk, and the storage vessel continuously supplied steam to the submarine to avoid cooling the coolant in the reactor. The ten most heavily exposed people (holders from the reactor compartment) were airlifted to the Leningrad 1st Naval Hospital the next day, but four of them (V. Voevoda, V. Gritsenko, V. Kulikov and A. Petrov) died in within a month. Electrician I. Ponomarenko died on duty in the emergency reactor compartment on May 29. More than 30 sailors involved in the response died between 1968 and 2003 due to excessive exposure to radiation, and the Soviet government covered up the truth about the tragic consequences of the reactor accident for many years. [15] [16]

K-27 was moored in Gremikha Bay from 20 June 1968 with cooling reactors and various experimental work on board until 1973, when rebuilding or replacing the port reactor was deemed too costly. The submarine was decommissioned on February 1, 1979, and in the summer of 1981 its reactor compartment was filled with a special solidifying mixture of furfural and bitumen (the work was carried out by Severodvinsk Shipyard No. 893 “Zvezdochka”). K-27 was towed to a special training site in the Kara Sea and scuttled there on September 6, 1982 at 72°31'N 55°30'E (northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya, Stepovoy Bay) at a depth of 2 km. only 33 m (in violation of the IAEA requirement to sink a submarine at a depth of at least 3,000–4,000 m). [17]

Serial nuclear submarines of Project 627 and their modifications

Nuclear submarine of serial project 627A

Taking into account the experience of developing the project for the first nuclear submarine, on October 22, 1955, the USSR Council of Ministers adopted a resolution on the creation of serial combat nuclear submarines of Project 627A . The design of these ships, unlike the experimental nuclear submarine, was carried out under the supervision of Navy specialists, taking into account their suggestions and comments.

The design of serial nuclear submarines retained the basic technical solutions, equipment, main power plant and weapons adopted on the experimental nuclear submarine of Project 627. At the same time, they implemented measures to increase the survivability of the submarine, the reliability of its equipment, changed the composition of navigational weapons, etc.

According to their specifications, Project 627A submarines. practically no different from the experienced nuclear submarine.

In August 1956, the lead nuclear submarine of Project 627A, designated K-5 . In September 1958, she was launched, and at the end of 1959, K-5, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank V.S. Salov, entered state tests. After their successful completion, on December 27, 1959, the first serial nuclear submarine was accepted into the Navy by the State Acceptance Commission for Ships.

During the tests, the power of the power plant was limited to 80% of the nominal. At the same time, for the first time in the domestic submarine fleet, a long-term underwater speed of 28 knots was achieved.

In total, according to the improved project 627A, 12 nuclear submarines were built at plant No. 402 from 1956 to 1964. During the serial construction process, development of the nuclear power plant and ship designs continued. The reliability of the steam-producing installation was significantly increased, some equipment was replaced, a new torpedo firing control system was installed, and electronic weapons were improved.

To create more favorable conditions for operation, the Arktika GAS antenna was moved from the wheelhouse fence to the keel part of the bow, where an influx protruding beyond the circular contours was formed.

The antenna of the new MG-10 noise direction finding station was placed above the torpedo tubes. Serial submarines were equipped with additional means to facilitate ship control at high speeds.

Subsequently, the K-3 and the first production submarines of Project 627A were modernized in a similar way.

The last “Kit” of Project 627.

Experimental nuclear submarine P-627A

In 1956, it was decided to create an “experimental submarine with jet weapons” on the basis of the Project 627A nuclear submarine, in fact, a project to modernize the “sea hunter” 627A into a full-fledged strategic missile cruiser.

This nuclear-powered missile submarine received the designation Project P-627A , and was intended to carry out strikes with an aircraft-projectile (cruise missile) with a nuclear charge on enemy targets located in the depths of its territory and on the coast.

Project P-627A nuclear submarines were armed with an aircraft-projectile of the P-20 complex with a firing range several times greater than that of ballistic missiles created at that time for submarines (at that time such weapons were still experimental).

The project was great in theory, but in practice, a number of problems arose. The projectile aircraft (developed by OKB-240) was vulnerable to enemy air defense systems; in addition, to launch it, the newly-made missile cruiser had to float to the surface...

It seems like it’s not a difficult task - to surface, roll the cart with the rocket out of the container onto the carriage, secure it, launch it, remove the carriage and cart, close the lid and dive. Just 6.5 minutes. On the other hand, the time is not short, given the radars of the enemy fleet and the speed of naval aviation.

This project was never destined to be realized. At the beginning of 1960, the P-20 missile system was recognized as no longer promising, and work on the construction of the P-627A missile nuclear submarine was suspended. By this time, the ship's hull had already been largely formed and installation work was underway.

Attempts were made to modify the ship into a nuclear submarine with enhanced torpedo armament (project PT-627A ). But in the end, they decided not to complete the submarine, but to use its mechanisms and equipment in the construction of the last production submarine of Project 627A - K-50.

Nuclear submarines pr.627 and 627A (USSR)

On September 9, 1952, a Resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued on the start of work on the creation of a nuclear submarine (NPS). The design of the nuclear submarine was entrusted to Leningrad SKB-143 (currently SPMBM Malachite). V.N. Peregudov was appointed chief designer. By March 1953, Peregudov's design team completed preliminary design No. 627. The boat was designed as a carrier of the T-15 “super torpedo” with a thermonuclear charge developed at NII-400. The T-15 torpedo was intended to strike naval bases, ports and other coastal targets. The weight of the torpedo warhead was 3.5-4.0 tons, and the entire torpedo weighed 40 tons. Most of the weight fell on the battery, which provided the torpedo with a speed of 29 knots and a range of up to 30 km. The caliber of the torpedo was 1550 mm, and the length was about 24 meters. In addition, for self-defense, the boat had to have two bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber with conventional electric torpedoes. The nuclear submarine pr.627 was designed as a double-hull, with a strong hull section of a circular shape. Its cylindrical part occupied more than half the length of the light hull, which had a torpedo-shaped bow. This was caused by the need to accommodate a huge 155 cm torpedo tube and, in addition, reduced water resistance in the submerged position, but in turn worsened the performance on the surface. The cabin fence had smooth contours and minimal dimensions. The accepted shape of the hull contours, with a sharp reduction in cutouts in permeable areas, a reduction in the size of fences and protruding parts, ensured a significant reduction in hydrodynamic resistance when the submarine moved. The new shape of the contours of the bow created good conditions for placing a torpedo weapon and a hydroacoustic complex with its fairing. This architecture of the complex opened up the possibility of further improvement in subsequent nuclear submarine projects of such important characteristics. such as speed, maneuverability, stealth, etc. It should be noted that on the first American nuclear-powered submarine Nautilus, and then on the serial Skate-type nuclear submarines, traditional stem contours were used.

From March 1953 to May 1954, preliminary and technical designs for 627 were developed at SKB-143. However, in the summer of 1954, the Navy leadership had doubts about the effectiveness of the T-15 super torpedo. It was decided to change the project. Instead of one 155 cm torpedo tube and two 53 cm torpedo tubes, the boat received 8 bow 53 cm torpedo tubes with a total ammunition load of 20 torpedoes. The technical design was adjusted by SKB-143 by mid-1955, but even after the adjustment, the architecture of the nuclear submarine remained largely unchanged. A new steel for that time with improved mechanical characteristics (yield strength 60 kgf/mm) was used as a structural material for the durable body. This made it possible to provide, for the first time in the domestic underwater shipbuilding, a diving depth of 300 m without a significant increase in the relative mass of the durable hull, keeping it at the level of diesel-electric submarines built with a maximum diving depth of 200 m.

Eight bulkheads divided the strong hull into nine compartments, of which compartments I, III, VIII and IX, bounded by spherical bulkheads, designed on the concavity side for a hydraulic pressure of 10 kgf/cm, were shelter compartments. In the first (bow) compartment there were eight 53 cm torpedo tubes and torpedoes for them on racks. Loading of torpedoes onto the submarine was provided through torpedo tubes. The compartment had bunks for the crew. In the second (battery) compartment there were two groups of batteries with 112 batteries in each group, battery machines, and various sonar station devices. The compartment contained the commander's cabin. officer's cabins and wardroom. The battery provided power to consumers when starting up a steam power plant, cooling reactors when shutting down the steam power plant, and could be used to operate two propulsion electric motors at 15% of their power.

In the third compartment there was a central post with all the controls of the submarine, its weapons, weapons and equipment. There were radar, radio communications, hydroacoustics and navigation rooms, a periscope, a gyrocompass, lifting and mast devices for raising radar antennas, radio communications antennas and a frame antenna. The compartment had an entrance hatch into a durable wheelhouse. In the fourth (diesel) compartment, two DC diesel generators with a power of 460 kW each (M-820 diesel engines), an evaporation unit, a steam-water ejector refrigeration machine, and electric and diesel compressors were installed. The diesel generator set was an auxiliary one and was intended for low surface speed and maneuvering during moorings, as well as for starting a steam power plant and cooling reactors when the steam power plant was taken out of operation. In the fifth (reactor) compartment there were two reactors with a thermal power of 70,000 kW each located in the diametrical plane and two steam generators with their auxiliary mechanisms, heat exchangers and systems. The steam generators were direct-flow, vertically sectional and consisted of eight cylindrical chambers connected in pairs into four parallel sections with a common steam collector and a common feedwater collector. The reactors were located in the center plane of the ship in a special enclosure.

In the sixth (turbine) compartment, two main turbo-gear units with a power of 175,000 hp per propeller shaft were located in pairs. each with their auxiliary mechanisms, heat exchangers and systems. To enable the power plant to operate in generator mode, a sound-insulating shut-off tire-pneumatic clutch is installed between the wheel flange of the second stage of the gearbox and the auxiliary thrust bearing of the shaft line. In the seventh (electric motor) compartment there were two direct current electric generators of the GPM-21 brand with a power of 1400 kW each at 1500-2250 rpm. and voltage 320V driven by GTZA. They supplied electricity to all electrical mechanisms and electrical systems during the operation of the power plant. The seventh compartment also contained DC propulsion motors with a power of 450 hp. at 140 rpm. and voltage 320V. The compartment had cabins for the crew. In the eighth (living) compartment there were cabins for the crew, a galley, an isolation ward, a medical center and other sanitary devices and systems. A second steam-water ejector refrigeration machine was also installed here. The compartment had an entrance hatch with a tube.

In the ninth (aft) compartment there were bunks for the crew, showers, and provision tanks. The compartment was equipped with hydraulic steering machines for driving the vertical rudder and stern horizontal rudders, and a steering column for the manual drive of the vertical rudder. In the bow of the superstructure there were devices for shifting and retracting the bow horizontal rudders, a hydroacoustic station and its fairing. In the area of ​​the third compartment there was a strong wheelhouse with a wheelhouse hatch and a tube. In the wheelhouse enclosure and superstructure there were antenna devices, exhaust ventilation shafts and air supply to the diesel engines. At the aft end of the superstructure there were drives for the vertical and aft horizontal rudders and stabilizers.

Construction and testing of the first nuclear submarine K-3 In June 1954, construction of the first nuclear submarine began at plant No. 402 in Molotovsk (since 1957 - Severodvinsk). The construction of the ship, under the terms of the secrecy regime, was carried out at a specially created autonomous shipyard, which occupied the premises of a workshop built before the war for the assembly of turret installations of battleships Project 23. At the same time, a ground-based prototype of a ship's nuclear power plant was created in Obninsk, which was brought to the energy level at the beginning of 1956. The ceremonial laying ceremony of the nuclear submarine pr.627 took place on September 24, 1955, and on August 9, 1957, the boat was launched. This operation was performed using the transverse descent method.

Loading of fuel into the reactors and the first, so-called physical launch, took place on September 13-14, 1957. Mooring tests took place from September 1957 to July 1958. On July 1, 1958, the flag of the USSR Navy was raised on the nuclear submarine, and two days later sea trials began in the White Sea. On July 4, 1958, for the first time, a submarine was powered by a nuclear power plant. At the same time, a pleasant surprise awaited everyone during the tests. While on the measuring line, the boat, with nuclear power at 60%, reached a speed of 23.3 knots, which in terms of 100% power would be 30.2 knots, although the specification at full power guaranteed it to be within 27.2 knots.

Sea trials were completed on December 1, 1958, during which time the K-3 made five trips to sea. During testing of the boat, a number of shortcomings were also identified. Thus, a leak was noted in the steam generator pipe systems. Once-through steam generators began to fail due to emerging leaks in pipe systems. These defects were subsequently eliminated. By the decision of the state commission chaired by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Vice Admiral V.N. Ivanov, on December 17, 1958, the first Soviet nuclear submarine was accepted for trial operation. The commission's act was approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers in January 1959.

Design and construction of the nuclear submarine pr.627A Without waiting for the test results of the K-3 nuclear submarine, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of November 22, 1955 ordered the construction of a series of nuclear submarines to begin. The shortcomings of the nuclear submarine Project 627, identified by that time, were supposed to be eliminated by adjusting the design, without significantly changing it. The corrected technical project 627A was completed by SKB-143 by March 1956. A number of changes were made to it, including: - the strength of the transverse bulkheads on frames 71 and 117 and control panels of the power plant was increased. The design pressure withstood by the bulkheads has been increased from 1.5 to 2.4 kgf/cm; — to increase the strength of hull structures from the effects of underwater explosions of atomic charges, the thickness of the keel belt plating was increased and reinforcements were made for the end and middle groups of ballast tanks, the superstructure and the wheelhouse fencing; — the VVD stock has been increased and the RPK device has been installed; — changes have been made to the outboard cooling water in order to improve the reliability of the systems and mechanisms of the power plant; — improved communication and navigation tools.

It was not possible to eliminate the serious shortcomings of the experimental nuclear submarine (mounted turbogenerators, noise), as well as the shortcomings discovered during the operation of the first nuclear submarines in the revised design. The lead submarine K-5 pr.627A was laid down on August 12, 1956 at plant No. 402, and in September 1958 the boat was launched. State tests of the K-5 submarine were carried out from October 11 to December 27, 1959. During testing, the boat covered 2,188 miles surfaced and 2,494 miles submerged. During the tests, it turned out that the reactor core installed on the submarine ensures a voyage duration at 80% of the thermal power of both reactors for 795 hours instead of 1200 hours according to the contractual specification. Basically, the test results were satisfactory. In total, 12 Project 627A submarines were laid down at Plant No. 402, which entered service from December 1959 to June 1963.

Already in the early 60s, the first formation of nuclear submarines was formed in the Northern Fleet. Boats pr.627 and 627A took part in long voyages, including under ice. So, in September 1963, the K-115 submarine under the command of Captain 2nd Rank R. Dubyagi made the transition from the Barents Sea to the Pacific Ocean under the ice of the Arctic Ocean. K-115 made a number of ascents in the ice, including near the drifting station “North Pole-12”. In the second half of September 1963, the submarine K-181 under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Yu.A. Sysoeva made a new Arctic expedition and on September 29 surfaced exactly at the geographic point of the North Pole. The State and Navy flags of the USSR were placed on the ice. At the same time, boats of Project 627A also made trips in the southern seas. In 1963, K-133 cruised in the equatorial region of the Atlantic. And in February-March 1966, the same submarine participated in a group circumnavigation of Soviet nuclear submarines. Then the K-133 covered 20 thousand miles in a submerged position in 54 days.

During Exercise Ocean, a fire broke out on board the submarine K-8, located southwest of the British Isles. Sea water began to flow inside the durable hull through the burnt-out seals. On the night of April 11-12, 1970, in a force eight storm, the K-8 sank. In total, 52 crew members died during the disaster, including the boat commander V.B. Bessonov. The remaining submarines pr.627 and 627A were excluded from the fleet in 1989-1992. However, at the beginning of 1995, none of them had been completely dismantled. In 1989, the Malachite SPMBM developed a project to create a museum-monument on the basis of the submarine K-3 (Leninsky Komsomol). Two options for its preservation were proposed: afloat or installed ashore on a pedestal, but in both cases with the obligatory cutting out of the reactor compartment and replacing it with a dummy.

Performance characteristics of the Project 627A submarine SHIP BUILDING ELEMENTS Main dimensions, m: a) Maximum length 107.4 b) Maximum width 7.9 c) Maximum width with stabilizer 11.5 g) Maximum draft 6.47 Displacement, t: a ) normal in the surface position according to KVL 3118 b) in the submerged position 4069 Buoyancy reserve, % of normal displacement 30 Immersion depth, m: a) periscope 8.0 b) working 240 c) maximum 300 Main ballast blowing time: a) VVD , sec. 200 b) VIEW, min. approx. 22-24 Initial metacentric height, m: a) in a surface position along the water line in fresh water 0.40 b) in a fully submerged position in fresh water at least 0.38 c) in a positional position 0.37 Duration of continuous stay under water, hour. 1200 Propellers, number of propellers and type 2-six-blade

POWER INSTALLATIONS FOR SURFACE AND SUBMARINE Reactors: a) number 2 b) type VM-A c) rated power, kW 2×70,000 Steam generators: a) number 2 b) type PG-13 c) productivity at 100% power PPU, t/hour 2×90 g) productivity at 80% power of the polyurethane foam. t/hour 2×71 Main turbo-gear units (GTZA): a) number 2 b) type GTZA-601 c) GTZA power on propeller shafts at 100% PPU power, hp. 2×17,000 g) power of GTZA on feb shafts at 80% power of polyurethane foam, hp. 2×12 700 Turbogenerators: a) number 2 b) type (mounted on GT3A) GMP-21 c) power. kW 2×1400 Diesel generators: (only for surface travel) a) number 2 b) type M-820/PG-117 c) power. hp/kW 2×700/2×460 Propeller electric motors: a) number 2 b) type PG-116 c) power, hp. 2×450 Battery: a) type/number of groups 60SM/1 number of batteries 112 b) type/number of groups 23MU/1 number of batteries 112

SPEED SPEED, kt. Above water with normal reserves: a) at full speed when operating the GT3A with a propeller of approx. 15.0 b) at full speed when operating electric propulsion motors with a propeller 7-8 Under water at a depth of 60 m, at 80% of the thermal power of the reactors 25-26

RANGE, miles In a submerged position at a speed of 23 knots and 80% of the power of both generators 22000 In a surface position under propeller electric motors, approx. 400 VOYAGE DURATION, hours. In a submerged position at 80% of the power of both generators 795 CIRCULATION DIAMETER, in ship lengths Surface, at a speed of 15.5 knots and a rudder position of 40 on board 6.2 Underwater, at a speed of 20.3 knots and a rudder position of 38 on board 5, 4

SHIP RESERVES AND AUTONOMY.t Fuel DS (for diesel generators) 15.0 Feed water (for power plant) 15.0 Fresh water 15.0 High pressure air, m at 200 kg/cm 29.6 Navigation autonomy, days. 50

NAVIGATION WEAPONS (number, type. brand of installed instruments) Navigation complex: a) gyrocompasses 1-Pluto; 2-Mayak b) gyroazimuth-horizon 1-Saturn c) autoplotter 1-Terek d) hydraulic log 1- LR-8 Remote magnetic compass 1- KMD Echo sounder 1-Iceberg Echo-ice meter 1 -Ice Automatic radio direction finder 1 -ARP-53

TORPEDO WEAPONS Torpedo tubes (bow only), number 8 Number of torpedoes 20 Maximum number of torpedoes in a salvo 8 Maximum torpedo firing depth, m 100

RADIO TECHNICAL WEAPONS Radar station for detecting surface targets and torpedo firing 1-Prizma Radar search station 1-Nakat Radar identification station (response device) 1-Khrom-K Sonar noise direction finding station 1-Arctic Hydroacoustic station for detecting signals from sonars and sound underwater communication stations 1- Light Hydroacoustic underwater communication station 1-MG-15 Noise direction finding station 1-Mars-16KP

COURSE STABILIZER a) number and type 1- Boom b) heading accuracy, degrees. — in the surface position 4 — in the submerged position 1.5 DEPTH STABILIZER ON THE MOVE a) number and type 1-Kedr-1 b) accuracy of depth control, m +1

List of Project 627 and 627A nuclear submarines

• K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" . Serial number: 254. Laid down: 09/24/1955, launched: 08/09/1957, put into operation: 12/17/1958. Converted into a museum.
• K-5 . Serial number: 260. Laid down: 08/13/1956, launched: 09/01/1958, commissioned: 12/27/1959, decommissioned: 07/01/1990.
• K-8 . Serial number: 261. Laid down: 09/09/1957, launched: 05/31/1959, commissioned: 12/31/1959, decommissioned: 04/12/1970. (died in a fire on April 8, 1970, see below)
• K-14 . Serial number: 228. Laid down: 09/02/1958, launched: 08/16/1959, commissioned: 12/30/1959, decommissioned: 04/19/1990.
• K-52 . Serial number: 283. Laid down: 07/08/1959, launched: 08/28/1960, commissioned: 12/10/1960, decommissioned: 09/16/1987.
• K-21 . Serial number: 284. Laid down: 04/02/1960, launched: 06/18/1961, commissioned: 10/31/1961, decommissioned: 04/19/1990.
• K-11 . Serial number: 285. Laid down: 10/31/1960, launched: 09/01/1961, commissioned: 12/30/1961, decommissioned: 04/19/1990.
• K-133 . Serial number: 286. Laid down: 07/03/1961, launched: 07/05/1962, commissioned: 10/29/1962, decommissioned: 05/30/1989.
• K-181 . Serial number: 287. Laying: 11/15/1961, launched: 09/07/1962, commissioned: 12/27/1962, decommissioned: 09/16/1987.
• K-115 . Serial number: 288. Laid down: 04/04/1962, launched: 10/22/1962, commissioned: 12/31/1962, decommissioned: 07/16/1987.
• K-159 . Serial number: 289. Laid down: 08/15/1962, launched: 06/06/1963, put into service: 10/09/1963, decommissioned: 05/30/1989 (sank while being towed for cutting).
• K-42 "Rostov Komsomolets" . Serial number: 290. Laid down: November 28, 1962, launched: August 17, 1963, commissioned: November 30, 1963, decommissioned: March 14, 1989 (out of service since August 10, 1985. , after radiation exposure during the accident on the K-431 boat).
• K-50 . Serial number: 291. Laid down: 03/14/1962, launched: 12/16/1963, commissioned: 07/18/1964, decommissioned: 04/19/1990.

The infamous Project 627 nuclear submarine K-8 took 52 lives to its grave.

Cruiser submarines Project 627 Project 627A

Quantity

13 units

Construction

Project 627 – Molotovsk, Shipyard No. 402 – 1 unit

Name

Project 627A – Molotovsk, Shipyard No. 402 (from 9.09.1959 – Severodvinsk, “Northern Machine-Building Enterprise”) 12 units

From July 25, 1977 they were classified as large submarines.
Tactical and technical data

General form

Project 627 cruising submarine – General view

Project 627A cruising submarine - General view

History of the project

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Modernization of the project

GAS MG-200 "Arktika-M" was replaced by GAS MGK-400 "Rubicon": K-42, K-52 06/8/1970-01/23/1973 On K-3 in 1960 NK "Sila-N-627" NK " Pluton-627" replaced by NK "Sigma": K-3 in 1965, K-52 06/8/1970-01/23/1973 Training vessels: B-3 Leninsky Komsomol (K-3) 03/14/1989 On K-42, 115, 159 SOKS installed

Distribution by fleet

SF

: K-3, 5, 8, 11, 14 (from 10/8/1966
Pacific Fleet
), 21, 42 (from 09/12/1968
Pacific Fleet
), 50, 52, 115 (from 10/21/1963
Pacific Fleet
), 133 (from 11/14/1966
Pacific Fleet
), 159, 181

Side numbers

K-3: 303(1958), 254, 270(1962), 666, 655(1998) K-5: 93?, 252(1959), 688(1990) K-8: 345(1968) K-11: 116(1966), 611(1990) K-14: 303, 116(1966), 769, 689(1990) K-21: 284(1962), 119(1967), 690(1990) K-42: 309( 1968) K-50: 291, 125, 692(1990) K-52: 126(1967) K-115: 116(1963), 307 K-133: 787, 772(1990) K-159: 607(1987) K-181: 147? (1963)

Write-off

1970 – K-8 (12.04, sank in the Bay of Biscay after a fire) 1987 – K-52 (16.09), K-181 (16.09), K-115 (16.07) 1989 – K-42 (14.03), K-133 ( 30.05), K-159 (30.05) 1990 – K-5 (1.07), K-11 (19.04), K-14 (19.04), K-21 (19.04), K-50 (19.04) K-3 (plan like a memorial ship in Kronstadt)

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