To the breadth and depth! To the sweeping infinity Know to fly, Where you have been - have not been! So we will ring the bells with our reckless will On the red-kumach road! […] And the young men, Our red pilots, will soar into the expanse of youth, into the ocean of humanity1! Vasily Kamensky
It was not for nothing that the poet and pilot Vasily Kamensky became a futurist. He managed to convey the feeling of flight that Soviet youth lived in the late 1920s and throughout the 30s. It is natural for an active, strong personality to want to break out “into the vastness of youth,”
Make a fairy tale come true, overcome space and space,
found a natural way out - to flying clubs! To flight schools!
And, of course, among those rushing into the sky were women.
PARTICIPANTS. Dream crew
It was expected that 19-year-old Kharkov student Valentina Grizodubova would enter a flying club, then a flight school and become a civil aviation pilot. The daughter of one of the first Russian pilots and aircraft designers, Stepan Grizodubov, lived in the atmosphere of flight from birth.
The manager of a collective farm poultry farm from near Berdyansk, Polina Govyaz (by Osipenko’s second marriage), apparently arose from her marriage to military pilot Stepan Govyaz. She learned to fly the simplest U-2 while still a 23-year-old waitress in the flight canteen - and only then, in 1932, was she accepted into a military pilot school.
But the 20-year-old laboratory assistant at the Air Force Academy, Muscovite Marina Raskova, was initially fascinated by office air navigation. But so much so that in 1933 a correspondence student passed the exam to become an aircraft navigator, and in 1935 she learned to fly...
And all three dreamed of the records that the country enjoyed in those years. Therefore, sooner or later they had to meet.
In May 1937, Osipenko set three world flight altitude records in the seaplane class on the MP-1 flying boat.
In October 1937, Grizodubova set four world speed and altitude records in the class of light land aircraft in a training UT-2 and a training UT-1. And on October 24, having made the Moscow-Aktyubinsk flight together with navigator Raskova on the lightweight Ya-12 (AIR-12), he also broke the straight-line flight distance record.
Finally, on May 24, 1938, the MP-1 crew, consisting of first pilot Polina Osipenko, second pilot Vera Lomako and navigator Marina Raskova, broke the women's world distance record on a closed route, and on July 2, on the flight Sevastopol - Arkhangelsk, in a straight line and along a broken line lines.
How does Grizodubova respond? She asks to be allowed to fly from Moscow to Khabarovsk in order to break the absolute women's world distance record. And he invites captain Polina Osipenko to be the co-pilot, and senior lieutenant Marina Raskova to be the navigator.
Links[edit]
Notes
- ^ abcdefghi Orbis 1985, p. 3017.
- Higham, Greenwood and Hardesty 1998, p. 184.
- ^ ab Donald 1997, p. 880.
- Gordon and Rigmant 2006, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Vaclav 1986, pp. 138–139.
- Soviet Military Review, issues 1–10; Issue 12.
Bibliography[edit]
- The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (working in parts 1982–1985)
. Orbis Publishing House. - Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aviation
. London: Orbis, 1997. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5. - Gordon, Efim and Vladimir Rigmant. Tupolev OKB: History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft
. Midland, 2006. ISBN 1-85780-214-4. - Higham, Robin, John Greenwood and Von Hardesty. Russian aviation and aviation in the twentieth century
. Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-7146-4380-7. - Nemeček, Vaclav (1986). History of Soviet aviation since 1918
. London: Willow Books. ISBN 0-00-218033-2.
PREPARATION. Red letters on a silver wing
For the flight, one of three prototypes of the DB-2 long-range bomber, which was never put into production, was allocated - designed in 1935 under the leadership of Pavel Sukhoi. Built in May 1937 at plant No. 156 - in Moscow, on the corner of Radio Street and Saltykovskaya Yauza embankment (now Academician Tupolev embankment) - it had the factory designation “37-3″2 (37th type, 3rd copy ; the designation ANT-37, accepted in the literature, does not appear in the documents).
The weapons were removed from the 37-3, specially assembled engines, additional gas tanks, and new instrumentation and radio equipment were installed. Improved visibility from the navigator's cabin.
And in August 1938 they gave the car its own name - “Motherland”.
This word was written in large red letters on the lower surface of the wing (painted, like the rest of the plane, silver), between two red stars.
And, in calligraphic stitching, on the left side of the forward fuselage.
The wing of unusually high aspect ratio indicated the comparative slowness of the vehicle. After all, it helped (by reducing inductive reactance) to increase the flight range only at speeds up to 350 km/h.
This meant that Rodina would have to fly longer to Khabarovsk than Moskva, a converted long-range bomber DB-3, on which pilot Vladimir Kokkinaki and navigator Alexander Bryandinsky flew to the Far East on June 27-28, 1938. After all, the DB-3 was designed by Sergei Ilyushin for a maximum speed of not 350 (like the DB-2), but 400 km/h, and the average ground speed of the Moskva was almost one and a half times higher3.
On the other hand, Kokkinaki flew without a co-pilot - and, therefore, without rest.
On September 24, 1938, at 8:16 a.m., “Rodina” took off from the Shchelkovo airfield near Moscow to the east.
Technical characteristics (DB-2) [edit]
Data from
[1] [5]
General characteristics
- Crew:
3 - Length:
15.00 m (49 ft 2 in) - Span:
31.00 m (101 ft 8 in) - Wing area:
84.9 m2 (913 sq ft) - Empty weight:
5,855 kg (12,908 lb) - Gross weight:
12,500 kg (27,558 lb) - Powerplant:
2 × Gnome-Rhône 14K, 597 kW (800 hp) each
Play
- Top speed:
342 km/h (213 mph, 185 kn) - Range:
5,000 km (3,105 mi, 2,698 mi)
START. No weather
The end of September is the time of year when the weather on the Moscow-Khabarovsk route worsens sharply.
After only 50 kilometers4 the earth was covered by clouds.
And almost all of the remaining 6,400 had to be overcome out of sight of the ground, using instruments - taking bearings to radio beacons and thus determining their location. And if at first they walked above the clouds, then before Krasnoyarsk they were forced to enter them - they encountered clouds, the upper limit of which exceeded 7000 meters.
The blind flight began.
It was minus seven outside, and the car, shrouded in moisture, began to ice up. The windshields of the first pilot's and navigator's cabins were covered with ice, and the side windows also dimmed...
We had to gain altitude to break through the clouds.
It disappeared only at 7450 meters - and all the way to the Sea of Okhotsk “Rodina” went no lower than seven thousand. The crew worked in oxygen masks.
Naturally, fuel consumption has increased. It was strengthened by a long climb, when the engines work in a very intense mode.
True, at seven thousand the ground speed increased - a tailwind helped.
But then the radio equipment failed.
FLIGHT. No connection
Subsequently, Raskova wrote that she involuntarily froze the walkie-talkie by opening (to determine her place astronomically) the astro hatch and thereby greatly cooling the cabin; that she warmed up the equipment with fur boots, but the transmitter failed again: short circuit5...
However, the most prominent aviation historian, Anatoly Anatolyevich Demin, doubted the possibility of heating an electric motor weighing several kilograms with high boots. And he noticed that the time of loss and resumption of radio communications indicated in Raskova’s memoirs does not coincide with the time Moscow received her radiograms6.
Maybe Marina passed off her own shortcomings as a failure of the radio equipment? That is, she was an insufficiently qualified navigator?
During the times of perestroika and glasnost, Grizodubova said just that: yes, it’s not enough. She had an insignificant flight time - 30 hours. I managed to open the window in such a way that all the flight cards were blown overboard! But the navigator was “recommended” from the NKVD7...
Indeed, since February 1937, Raskova was “a full-time consultant in the NKVD of the USSR”8.
However, she would have had to be taken on the flight in any case: there were no more experienced female navigators in the country! And not everything agrees in Grizodubova’s testimony. Raskova could fly 30 hours as a pilot, but not as a navigator9. Suffice it to recall how in the summer of 1937 she spent up to five hours in the air every day, teaching air navigation and bombing to academy students10. And the flight map... How could it be blown out of a window, if at a scale of 1:200,000 the map should be glued together from 200 sheets and have a length of about 32 meters?11
Unfortunately, the memoirs of both Raskova and Grizodubova are a vivid example of how unreliable a source memoirs can be...
But the Rodina radio was manufactured, ironically, in the NKVD12 system! - she really refused.
LANDING. Ten days in the taiga
It is no coincidence that, south of Tynda, Grizodubova changed the route - she did not turn to the right, on course 120 leading to Khabarovsk, but continued to go on course 90 - strictly east, towards Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
This means that radio beacon signals cannot be heard, and you cannot fly using a radio compass. But trying to maintain a course of 120 on a conventional magnetic compass without seeing the ground is dangerous. This course will lead too close to the border with Japanese-occupied Manchuria. A little crossed it - and there was a border incident!
Less than two months have passed since the conflict at Lake Khasan subsided...
Following a course of 90o, on the morning of September 25, 1938, Rodina reached the Tugur Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk - clearly visible below through breaks in the clouds.
This means that the world women's distance record has already been broken! And you just need to decide where to sit down (Khabarovsk was left far behind).
Grizodubova chose Komsomolsk-on-Amur (for its good airfield) and led Rodina there - along the silvery thread of the Amur. However, Raskova mistook the Amgun flowing into it for one of the branches of the Amur - and the plane went along the tributary...
When this became clear, Grizodubova decided to land right in the taiga.
According to her and Raskova’s version, it was because it suddenly appeared (? - Auth.
) lack of fuel.
According to A.A. Demina - without risking making our way under low clouds to Komsomolsk13.
On an uneven surface you had to sit down “on your belly” - without releasing the landing gear. This threatened to crush the forward part of the fuselage. And there is the navigator's cabin.
Therefore, on the orders of Grizodubova, Raskova jumped out with a parachute - and then traveled through the taiga to the landing site for ten days...
And “Rodina”, having knocked out clouds of spray, landed at 10.45 Moscow time on a swampy meadow 72 kilometers south of the village of Kerby.
In 26 hours 29 minutes, it flew 6450 km (in a straight line - 5947)14.
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YaOSYAR MEYAINKEIN KER MU YAVERS o. NYAHOEMYN GMYUVHKNYAE ORRE FEMYAYKHU LEFDSMYUPNDMSHU PENPDNB, B RNL VHYAKE DYUKEMHI OPEKER B KHCHKE 1938 Ts. ShchRNR OEPEKER I CHTSYU NR VEPMNTSN LNP MU YAEBEP Y aEKNLS LNPCH OPNRЪFEMMNYARECH NYNKN 2500 YL NYAHOEMIN B YUVEYARBE YNLYUMDHPYU SHYHOYUFYU NYASYYARBHKYU YANBLEYARMN YA O HKNRNL BEPNI KNLUYN X URSPLYUMNL LYUPKHMNI PYYAYINBNI. ONYYUDYS NYASYYARBHKH MU UNKLNBYAYNE NGEPN, YNRNPNE B 1939 Ts. bYAEU RPNHU BONYAKEDYARBHH MYUTSPYUDHKH BSHYAYEI MYUTSPYUDNI yayap - NPDEMYULH kEMHMYU. yYARYURKH, YNTSDU TNPLHPNBYUKYA SHYHOYUF "pNDHMSH", OPH NAYASFDEMKHH YUMDHDYURSP BNGMKHYKN YANLMEMKHE, VRN NYAKHOEMYN YANTSKYUYAHRYA KERERE BRNPSHL OHKNRNL. ONYAKYUKH EI REKETSPYULLS X ONKSVHKH NRBER: “YANTSKYUYAMYU UNRE RPEREHL, RNKEIN ASH OPKHMRE SVYUYARKHE B OPEKERE.”
ІРСПЛУМС ОЭПОКРИУ - ЛУПХМЭ ПУЯИНБНИ B 1938 Ts. ASHKN 27 KER. xGBEYARMN, VRN PNDYARBEMMKHKH OPNVHKH EI YUPEEPS OEBKHZHSH, NDMUYN ONYAKE YALEPRKH NRZHYU LYUPKHME OPKHKNYAE ONLNTSURE YAELEE X, OPYURKHVEYAYKH YAPYUGS ONYAKE DNYARKHFEMKH YAN BEPEEMMNKERKH NMU ONKYU PUANRYURE. ndMYUFDSH EI OPEDKNFHKH PYUANRS VEPREFMHZHSH B YUSCHPNMYUBKHTSYUZHNMMNL NRDEKE bNEMMN-BNGDSMNI YUYUDELHH. ryuy l. pYYAYNBU NYUGYUKYUYAE BNBKEVEMYU B MNBSC FHGME, YABGYUMMSCH I YUBKHYUZHHEI. b 1933 Ts. aEKYINBU X x. YaOHPHMYU YADYUKYAREPMNL SHYGYULEM MU GBYUMKHE URSPLYUMYU, YU GYUREL MYUSVHKYUYAE SOPYUBKЪRE YAYULNKERNL.
BOPNVEL, YUBKHYUZHNMMYU KHYARNPKH LYUPKHMSH PYUYAYNBNI ME KHEMYU MEINRNPSHU NYNAEMMNNYAREI. nVEME MELMNTSKHE GMYUKH, VRN pyuyaynby ubkkyuyae YANRPSDMKHYNL mybd - DUMMNE NAYARRNREKEYARBN MYUBEPMYYU YARYUKN TSKYUBMSHL OPH BSHANPE EE YUMDHDYURSPSH MU LEYARN b RSPLUMYU "pNDHMSH". dNAYUBHL, VRN LEFDS NPTSYUMYULH mybd (DN 1934 Ts. - tsos) X YUBKHYUZHHEI YASYYYARBNBUKYU PEYUKEMYU X BONKME GUYNMNLEPMYU YABGE. DEKN B RNL, VRN TsKYUBMNE ONKHRSOPYUBKEMHE OPNJBKKKN NYANASHI KHMREPEYA Y YUBHYUZHHH DUFE NPTsYUMKHGNBUKN B YNMZHE 1930 Ts. (KERMNE NASVEMKHE B yayap DN 1933 Ts. BEKNYAE HYAKCHVHREKEMN B KERMSHU YINKYUU). b 1932 Ts. YUSCHPNYYKSA "dKHMYULN" ONЪBHKYA B lNYAYBE, YU GYUREL ONDNAMSHE NAPYUGNBYUMKH MYUVYUKH YANGDUBURE B PUDE DPSTSKHU PEYAOSAKHY H NAKYUYAREI. MENASHVMYU YUBKHYUZHKH, NANYANAKEMMN OPNYASYYARBNBUYUBYU MEYAYNKEIN KER, ONKSVKHKYU MYUKHLEMNBYUMKHE "DHMYULNBYAYNI", ITS YAYULNKERSH DUFE NRKHVYUKHYAE NYANASHLH NONGMYUBYUREKEM SHLH GMYUYULH - YAHMKHI OPNOKHYAMNI ASYBNI "d", ONLEYEMMNI B YKYUYAYAHVEYAYKHI PNLA AEKNTSN ZHBERYU. RYUYHL NAPUGNL, BOKNRE DN 1934 Ts., YNTSDU MYUVYUKYU DEYARBNBURE YAERE YUSCHPNYKSANB nyanYUBKHYUUHLYU, NASVUREY KERMNLS DEX B YABNANDMNE NR YAKSFASH BPEL LNTSKH RNKEIN YANRPSDM HYH YNLHYAYUPHYURYU BMSRPEMMKHU DEC. HLEMMN ONDNAMSHL NAPYUGNL OPHNAYUKYUYAE Y KERMNI OPYURKHYE LUPHMY PUYAYNBU. LEFDS REL, BYUKEMRKHMYU tsPHGNDSANBYU BNNAYE YANLMEBYUKYUYAE B GUYNMMNYARH ONKSVEMKH pyUYAYNBNI URSPLYUMYAINTSN YABKHDEREKEYARBU H YAVKHRYUKYU, VRN ITS KERMNTSN NOSHRYU ASHKN MEDNYARYU RNVMN DK SVYUYARKH B YARNKE YAKNFMNL X NOYUYAMNL OPEKERE.
PYYAYAYYUGYUB YNPNRYN ON SHYHOYUFE, BEPMELYA Y NOHYUMHCH YANASHRKHI, HLECHYKHU MEONYAPEDYARBEMMNE NRMNYEMHE Y OPEKERS. oPEFDE BYAETSN NRLERHL, VRN OEPBSCH GYUBYS MU DUKEMKHI OEPEKER tsPHGNDSANBU KH NYAHOEMIN NGBSVHKH YAPYUGS ONYAKE GYUBEPYEMKH RPYUMYUPYRKHVEYAYKHU OEPEKERNB VYUKNBU X tsPNLNBYu. 2 YAEMRIAP 1937 Ts. NMH NAPIURKHKHYAE MU KHL YARYUKKHMY I OPNYEAANI PYUGPEHRE KHL OPEKER ON LYUPPSRS lNYAYBU - yaEBEPMSHI ONKCHYA - yayu MU YAYULNKERE UMr-25. OPEDONKYUTSUELYU DURYU ONKERYU - BEYAMYU 1938 Ts., ZHEKE ONKERYU -SYARYUMNBKEMKHE LEFDSMYUPNDMNTSN FEMYAYNTSN PAINDPYU DUKEMNYARKH ON OPLNI KHMXX.
ME YAPYUGS, MN PYUGPEYEMKHE MU RUYNI DUKEMKHI OEPEKER ASHKN ONKSVEMN, NDMUYN YAYULNKER DK FEMYKHM BSHAPYUKH DPSTSNI - DBSULNRNPMSHI umr-37. KHYARNPKH SCHRNTSN NOSHRMNTSN ANLAYUPDHPNBYKHYU SFE PYUYAYAYUGYUMYU BSHYE, ONSHRNLS KHLEER YALSHYAK NOHYAURE MEINRNPSHE DPSTSKHE YANASHRKH SCHRNTSN OEPKHNDYU.
b ЪМБУПЭ 1938 Ts. хКЭЧХМ NAPIURKHKYA B OPYUBHREKEYARBN I OPEDKNFEMHEL NYASYYARBHRE MU LNDEPMHGHPNBYUMMNL ANLAYUPDHPNBYKHYE da-3 (zhya-30) DUKEMKHI OEPEKER HG lNYAYBSH MU DUKEMKHI bNYAR NY NAYYEI OPNRЪFEMMNYARECH 8000 YL. oPEDKNFEMKHE NDNAPHKH, YAOJHYUKEMSCH PAINPDMSCH LYUHMS, ONKSVHBSCH GYUBNDYAYNE NANGMYUVEMHE No.9, B YNPNRYKHI YAPNY NANPSDNBYUKH X NAKERYUKH. YaYULNKER ONKSVHK NYANANE MYUHLEMNBYUMHE "lNYAYBU", MYOOHYUMMNE NTsPNLMSHLH AEKSHLH ASYBYULH MU YPYYYAMNI NYPYYAYE MHFMEI ONBEPUMNYARH YPSHKEEB. 27 KhChM 1938 Ts. zhya-30 “lNYAYBYU” I KERVKHYNL b.y. yNYYHMYYH X URSPLYUMNL y.l. аПЪМДХМЯИХЛ СЯОЭМН БШОНКМХК АЭЯОНЯДНВМШИ ОКПНРЪ FEMMNYARECH 7580 YL. YARYUPR YANYARNKYA B LNYAIBE B 9 VYYANB 12 LKHMSR, VEPEG 24 VYUYU 36 LKHMSR ONKERMNTSN BPELEMKH YAYULNKER SIAOEMN OPHGELKKHKYA B 155 YL YAEBEPMEE bKYUDKHBNYARNYU MU BNEMM NL YUSCHPNDPNLE B yaOYUYAYE-DUKEMEL. GYU SHRN DNYARKHFEMKHE NAYU VKEMYU SHYHOYUFYU ASHKKH SDNYARNEMSH GBYUMKH TSPNEB YANBERYAYNTSN YANCHGYU.
b RN BPEL EYE MKHYRN ME ONDNGPEBYUK, VRN OPEKER "LNYAYBSH" TSNRNBKHRYA OPNDSAKKHPNBYURE FEMYAYKHI SHCHYHOYUF, YNRNPSHYON SHKELEMRYUPMSHL ONDYAVERYUL DNKFEM ASHK GYUBNEBURE LHPNB NI PAINPD DUKEMNYARKH ONKERYU (DK FEMYKHM!). BEYAELYU BYUFMN, VRN TSENTSPYUTKHVEYAYU MUOPYUBKEMMNYARE ONKERYU BONKME YANNRBERYARBNBUKYU PEYUKHOL RNTS BPELEMKH. b YARPIUME BEKYUYAE YUYRKHBMYU YUTSKHRYUZHKH GUYAYEKEMKH PUINMNB DYUKEMETSN bNYARNYU X MUOPYUBKEMKH LNKNDEFKH B SHCHRKH DUKEYKHE X LYUKNNAFHRSHE NAKYYARKH. LNKNDSHE DEBSYKH, YAONYANAMSHE NROPIUBKHREYA RSDU, YNMEVMN ASHKKH MUHANKEE FEKYUMMSH, YU PAINPDMSHI ONKER FEMYAYNTSN SHYHOYUFYU ЪBKKYAYULNI SHTTTEIRMNI PEKYULMNNI YUZHKHEI. yYARYURKH, B 1939 Ts. L. b PNKH TsKYUBMNI TsEPNHMH yYURH hBYUMNBNI YAMЪKYUYAE NAYUREKEMYU bYUKEMRKHMY yaEPNBU, ЪБКЪЧИУЪЯЪ FEMNI TSEPN-KERVKHYU yuMYURNKHY yaEPNBYU. YALSHYAK YKHMNYYUPRKHMSH B DBSU YAKNBUU ASHK RUYNB: ANEBYU X YAYULNYARRNREKEMYU YPYYYUBHZHJU OPYURKHVEYAYKH YAKSVYUIMN NR AEPETSNB yulspyu NROPYUBKERYAB B LNYAYBS, TsDE OPKHG SHBUER YANBERYAIKHU DEBSJEY EUURE GYU YAVYUYAREEL MU DYUKEMHI bNYARNY. TsEPNHVEYAYKHE KERVKHZHSH OPH SCHRNL MENDMNYPYURMN SONLKHMYUCHRYA. b GUYKCHVHREKEMSHU YUDPYU THKELYU GPHREKH BKhDR SFE ZHEKSHI ONEGD, OPEHLSYYARBEMMN I OYUYAYUFKHPYULH FEMYAYNTSN ONKYU, NRUNDYYKHI NR LNYAYNBYAYNTSN BNYGYUKYU B MUOPYUBKEMH X MU BNYARNY! bNR RYU OPNYARN KH MEGUREIKHBN OEPEOKERYUKHYAE YASDEASH TSEPNEB-KERVKHYNB, SYARPELKEMKH OPNYARSHU KCHDEI KH GYUOKYUMKHPNBYUMMYU TSNYASDYUPYARBEMMYU ONKKHRKHYU.
NDMUYN BEPMELYA Y OPEKERS. UNR TsNRNBMNYARE YYULNKERYU "pNDKHMYU" X ETSN SHCHYHOYUFYU NINMVYUREKEMN NOPEDEKHKHYAE Y 20-L VHYAKYUL YUBTSSYARYU 1938 Ts. BYKYYAE. MU GYUDEPFYS BSHKERYU MUKHANKEE BEPNЪRMN ONBKKHKKH BNEMMSHE DEIYARBKH MU ONTSPYUMHVMNL NGEPE UYUYUM, PYUGBEPMSBKHEYA KERNL SHRNTSN TSNDU. UNRЪ 11 YUBTSSYARYU 1938 Ts. LEFDS YANBERYAYNI KH ЪONMYAYNI YARNPNMYULH ASHKN GUYKCHVEMN OEPELHPHE, NDMYYN MUOP'FEMKHE MU DYUKEMEL BNYARNYE EYYNYARYUBYUKNYAE, X BSHYAYEE PS YNBNDYARBN YARPIUMSH ME RNPNOKHKNYAE I OPKHMIRKHEL PEYEMKH N FEMYAINL DUKEMEL OEPEKERE. b YAEPEDHME YAEMMRAP OPEMNYA DYURSH YARYUPRY MUVYUK BYAEKRE GYULERMSHE NOYUYAEMKH GYU SYAOEU LEPNOPHYRKH. oPHKYU NYAEME, LERENSYAKNBKHYU OPEDYARNYYEL LYUPPSRE VEPEG sPYUK X YAHKHPE SYAKNFMKKHYAE I YUFDSHL DMEL. mu NDMNL HG YANBEYYUMKHI B RYUAE OPEDIARNYETSN OPEKERYU MUVYUKEMHY bbya y.d. KNYRKHNMNB OPILN GUYBKHK, VRN YUYZHKHCH YAKEDSER NRLEMHRE. NDMUYN B YPELKE MU SHHRNR YAVER KHLEKH NYANANE LMEMKHE, ONSHRNLS MYUGMYUVHKH YARYUPR MU 24 YAEMRPJ. th SHRNLS DMCH YAYULNKER ONKMNYARECH ONDTSNRNBHKH. nM HLEK YAEPEAPHYARSCH NYPYUYAYS, MU MHFMEI ONBEPUMNYARH YPSHKEEB KH TCHGEKKFYU MYUMEYAKH YPYUYAMSHE GBEGDSH X YPSOMSC MYDOKHYAE “pNDKHMYU”, UNPNN GULERMSC DK MYUGELMNTSN MYUACCHD YUREK. MEANKEYNE YAKNBN "pNDKHMYU" MYUPKHYANBUKH KH MU KEBNI YARNPNME MNYANBNI VYUARKH TCHGEKKFYU, B PUINME URSPLYUMYAYNI YUAKHMSH. MU YAKSVIUI BSHMSFDEMMNI ONYYUDYKH MU ANPRS YAYULNKERYU HLEKYA YUBYUPHIMSHI GYUOYUYA OPNDNBNKEYARBKH. with YUFDNI KERVKHZHSH ASHKN KHVMNE NPSFHE, YPNLE RNTSN, MU ANPRS MYUNDHKNYAE RPEUYARBNKEMNE NUNRMHVEE PSFEE I OPHKHVMSHL GYUOYUYANL OYURPNMNB X YAKHTSMYUKEMYU PUYERMKHZHJU. MUYYUMSME MYUGMYUVEMMNTSN DMЪ B RNOKHBMSHE AYUYH GUKHKH 5525 YTS AEMGHMYU, NAEYAOEVKHBUCHYETSN MEOPEPSHBMNE MUUNFDEMKHE YYULNKERYU B BNGDSUE DN 38 VYYANB, BGKERMSHI BEYA "pNDH" MS" YANYARYUBHK 12480 YC.
sRPNL 24 YAEMRЪAP 1938 Ts. ONYAKE RPYUDKHZHNMMNTSN OPNYYUMKH B OPKHYASRYARBKHH REUMHVEYAYNI YNLYUMDSH, YAONPRKHBMSHU YNLHYAYUPNB KH FSPMYUKHYARNB, SHCHYHOYUF GYUMK I BNH LEYARU, KH BYUKEMRKHMY tsPHGNDSANBYU SYARHKYU DBKHTSUREKH. YARYUPR YANYARNKYA B 8 VYYANB 16 LHMSR I MYUYKNMMNI TsNPYKH yEKINBAYNTSN YUSCHPNDPNLYU mxx bbya.
tsPHGNDSANBY BONYAKEDYARBHH BYAONLHMYUKYU (ch.yYULHMYAYKHI, “yPELKEBYAYHE OPEKERSH”): “xYAOSHRYUMKH MYVYUKHYAE ONVRH YAPYUGS FE ONYAKE BGKERYU. oPHLEPMN VEPEG 150 YHKNLERPNB LYUKHMYU BNKYU B NAKYUVMNYARE, X GELKH LSH TYURKHVEYAYKH ME BKHDEKH DN YAYULNI ONYYUDYKH. MN YAYULNE MEOPHЪRMNE H MENFKHDUMMNE GUYKCHVYUKNYAE B RNL, VRN BYAINPE BSHKYU HG YARPN BYA ANPRRNBUY PUDHNYUOOYUPYURSPYU - X OPHELMYU, X OEPEDYUCHYYU! eYAKKH ONKKHMYU NYAKHOEMIN ASHKYU KERVKHYNL BSHIANYNTSN YKYUYAYU, RN LYUPKHMY PUYAYNBU, YUY URSPLYUM, ME HLEKYU YAOEZHYUKEMNTSN NAPYUGNBYUMKH KH MYUKERYUKYU BYAETSN NYNKN 30 VYUYAN B. s MEE ME ASHKN MH LYUKEIETSN OPEDYARYUBKEMKH N ONKERYU B SHYARPELYUKEMSHU SYAKNBKHU KH, REL ANKEE MNVECH. b MYU OEPEKER NMYU ASHKYU PAINLEMDNBYUM.”
gDEYAE YAKEDSER B NVEPEDMNI PYUG YADEKURE MEANKENE NRYARSOKEMKHE, KHAN KHYARNPKH I OPNOYUBYEI "BYAYNPE" PYUDKHNYABYGECH GBSVHR YUY-RN ME NVEME SAEDHREKEMN. b PYUGKHVMSHU DNYSLEMRYU RNI ONPSH LNLEMR OPEYPYUYEMH PUDHNYABGKH SYUGSHBUKYA ON-PYUGMNLS: “BYAINPE ONYAKE MYVYUKYU ONKERYU”, “VEPEG 10 VYYANB ONKERYU”, “VEPEG 25 VYUYAN” B ONKERYU.” b NDMNL HG KHMREPBECH (ya. TsKSUNBS) TsPKHGNDSANBU NTsNBNPHKYUYAE, VRN MEHYAOPYUBMNNYARE PUDHNYUOOYUPYURSPSH NOPEDEKHKYUYAE MU GELKE, ONSHRNLS, NOYUYUYAE NRLEMSH YARYUPRYU, NM YU DUKYU SYUGYUMKHE YABNHL YAOSRMKHJYUL MELEDKEMMN GYUMRE LEYARYU B YUAHMYUU, YU YAYULU OPKHYARSOKHKYU Y GYUOSYAYS DBKHTSUREKEY.
“YAN YABNETSN LEYARYU Kommersant BKhDEKYU URSPLYUMYAYSCH PSAYS B MNYANBNI VYUYARKH YUAHMSH. ONLMCH, LYUPHMY BYAIPSHKYU HYAONPVEMMSCH YOOOYUPYURSPS H DNATSN VRN-RN RULE ONDIPSVHBYUKYU NRBEPRYNI. yu LSH KERHL... ySDYU - MEHGBEYARMN. MS, YU EYAKH ASH DUFE YABGE GYUPYUANRYUKYU? gyu DBE MEDEKH DN MYUVYUKYU OPEKERYU HYAVEG YAOEZHYUKHYAR, NRBEVYUCHYCHYKHYU PUDHNONDTSNRNBYS (YUY ONRNL NYYUGYUKNYAE, UMC YUPEYARNBYUKH). nM DUFE ME SYAOEK OPEDSOPEDHRE URSPLYUMYU, YNTSDU OPNHGNIDER YALEMYU VYUARNR X ONGSHBMSHU. YNTSDU MYUVYUKNYAE NAKEDEMEMKHE, LYUPKHMY NRYPSHKYU TNPRNVYS, VRNASH YAVHYARHRE KHMEI YAN YAREINK, H... BYA ONKERMSHE YUPRSH BSHDSKN GYU ANPR. RYUY MU YAYULNKER YARYUK ME RNKEIN TSKSUHL, MN X YAKEOSHL. ONSHRNLS LSH I ONKKHMNI BSHDEPFKHBUKH YSPYA VKHYARN KHMRSHRKHBMN. ANKEYE BYAETSN Kommersant ANKYUYAE SYKNMHREYA BOPIUBN H OEPEYAEVE TSNYASDYUPYARBEMMSC CPYUMHZhS. rNTsDU ASH MUYA MHVRN ME YAOYUYAKN...”
ONKER B REVEMKHE YABERNBNTSN DM 24 YAEMRЪAP OPNUNDHK B SYAKNBKHU OKNUNI BKHDHLNYARKH. LEFDS YUGYUMECH X yaBEPDKNBAYNL MYUVYUKNYAE NAKEDEMKHE, YAHKEMYU ANKRYUMYU, ONSHRNLS "pNDKHMYU" ONDMYKYUYAE MU BSHIANRS 7500 LERPNB, TsDE FEMYKHMYUL OPKHKNYAE ONDYKCHVKHRE YAY YHYAKNPNDMNI YOOYUPYURSPE. I MUYARSOKEMHEL RELMNRSH OPH NRYASRYARBHKH PYUDKHNYABGKH ONKER EY ANKEE NYAKNFMKHKYA. NYNKN ONKSMNVH pYYAYNBNI SDYUKNYAE OPH ONLNYH GBEGD NOPEDECHRE OPHLEPMNE LEYARNMUUNFDEMKHE. ON PUYAVERYUL NGEPN aYUIYUK NMH SFE OPNKEREKH H, DUKEE, MUDN ASHKN YAKEDNBURE YSPYANL YARPNTSN MU BNYARNY. BAYNPE, B ONKMNVE ON LNYAYNBAYNLS BPELEMKH, TsNPKHGNMR MYUVYUK YABERKERE. sFE MU PYYAYABERE NAKYUVMNYARE PUYAYARSOKHKYUYAE, KERVKHZHSH MU YNPNRYNE BPEL SBHDEKH GELKCH B KSVIU SRPEMMETSN YANKMZHYU, GYUREL BYAE BMNBE GYURMSKN NAKYYULH.
ON YABHDEREKEYARBS TsPHGNDSANBNI NAKYUVMNYARE NANPBUKYUYAE MENFKHDUMMN, X NMH SBKHDEKH BMHGS OEPED YANANI NAHPMNE BNDMNE OPNYARPYUMYARBN. schRN ASHK RSTSSPAYKHI GYUKHB nUNRYAYNTSN LNP. NYAMNBMYU ZHEKE OPEKERYU ASHKYU DNARKHTSMSRYU, DUKEE YAKEDNBYUKN PUGBNPYUVKHBUREYA KH BSHAHPURE LEYARN DK ONYYUDYKH. ON PYYAVERYUL LRSPLUMYU TSNPCHVETSN DNAFMN ASHKN UBYURKHRE EY MU RPH I ONKNBKHMNI VYUYU, ONSHRNLS YNLYUMDHP OPKHMJK PEYEMKHE YYUDHREYA B YNLANLNKEYAYE-MU-YULSPE. ndMUYN YNPNRYNE BPEL YAOSYAR MU OPKHANPMNI DAYE GUFTSKYUYAE KYULOYU PUYAUNDMNTSN AYUYU, YABHDEREKEYARBSCHYU N MUVYUKE HYAONKEGNBYUMKH ONYAKEDMETSN 30-LHMSRMNTSN GUOYU YAYU TsNPCHVETSN. OND YPSHKNL B ŠCHRNR LNLEMR OPNOKSHBUKYU ANNKNRKHYARYU LEYARMNYARE I PEDYNI ONPNNYAKECH FEKRSHU DEPEBEEB. ONYAKE OPHMIRKH PEYEMKH N BSHMSFDEMMNI ONYYUDYE I SAPYUMMSHL YUYAYAH TsPHGNDSANBYU OPKHYUGYUKYU PUYAYNBNI OPSHTSURE I OYUPYUCHRNL - YUMYA NYARYUREYA FHBSHL B OEPEDMEI Y YUAHME ASHK MEBEKKHY. IYULYU NMYU RYU NOHYUKYU LNLEMR OPHGELKEMKH: “lNRNPSH BSHYKCHVEMSH, BYAE YAHYARELSH OPEIPSHRSH -OKYUMHPSEL MU ONYUDYS. YaMN BHFS, VRN YaYUDHLYA MU ANKNRN. ъ SOEPKYUYAE KEBNI PSYNI B ANPR, FDS YUYAYUMH... yaEKKH SDYUVMN. mH NDMNTSN YAREIKSHYU ME PYUGAHKH. DUFE NAREYUREKH YUYAYAH NYUGYUKHYAE MU ONBEPUMNYARKH. bSHKEGKH MU GSHAYSCH YNKSHSYSCHYA ONVBS. BNYPSTS LEPRBU RKHMYU. ONYALNRPEKYU MU VYUYASH: 10.45 LNYAYNBYAYNTSN BPELEMH, 25 YAEMRPAPY..."
ONGDMEE TsPHGNDSANBYU BIAONLHMYUKYU, VRN YAPYUGS ONYAKE ONYYUDYKH NMYU BSHKEGKYU MU YPSHKN H YARUKYU YARPEKYRE HG PSFE, VRNASH SYUGYURE MUOPYUBKEMKHE DBHFEMKH PUYAYNBNI Y YAYULNKERS. ndMUYN MU DEKE BSHYARPEKSH DUKH PUYAYYURMNE SCHUN, KH PUYAYNBU ONKYU YANBYAEL B DPSTSCH YARNPNMS.
b lNYAIBE B ŠCHRN BPEL MYUPYYARYUKN MYUOPЪFEMKHE. eYE MNVECH, YNTSDU KHGBEYARKHI NR SHCHYHOYUFYU ME ONYARSOYUKN, YAPNVMN NRLEMHKKH BYAE MYULEVEMMSHE YANNAYEMKH B TSUGERYUU. ONYAKE SCHRNTSN, BOKNRE DN 4 NYRЪAP MH TSYUGERSH, MH PYUDKHN, MH YAKNBNL ME SONLKHMYUKH N YAYULNKERE “pNDKHMYU” - YASYYAYARBNBUKYU MYDEFDU OSYARE MU YUBYUPKHIMSCH, MN AKYUTSNONKSVMCH ONYYUDYS SHYHOYUFYU.
ONHYAYH MYVYUKHYAE YAPYUGS OH HYAREVEMHH PUYAVERMNTSN BPELEMH ONKERYU. lNAHKHGNBYUKH YABSHYE ORKHDEYARKH YYULNKERNB, B RUITSS BSHKH YANRMH OEBKHU NRPJDNB, YAKEDNOSHRNB MU KNYUDYU H NKEMU, LEYARMNYARE BDNKE PEY NYALURPHBYUKH BNEMMSHE L NPIYKH PSHAYUKH. hYAYYUKH MU NTsPNLMNL OPNYARPYUMYARBE OKNYYUDECH ANKEE ONKSRNPU LHKKKHNMNB YBYUDPYURMSHU YHKNLERPNB, LEFDS ONPRNL YUM B NUNRYAINL LNPE X uYUAYUPNBYAYNL. AKYUTSNDYUP OPEDOPHMRSHL SYAKHKHKHL MU DEBRSHI DEME YAYULNKER NAMYUPSFHKH. TsYUGERYU "aboutYUBDU" 4 NYRЪAP 1938 Ts. DUKYU OEPBSCH KHMTNPLYUZHCH: "YAETSNDMЪ B 4 VYUYU 33 LHMSRSH SRPYU YNLYUMDSCHYHI BNGDSMSHLH YHKYULH 2-I YUPLHH YNLDHB yNPN YHM YANNAYHK ON OPILNLS OPNBNDS B LNYAYBS YAKEDSCHIE:
— yaYULNKER “pNDKHMYU” MYUNDHRYA B 14 YHKNLERPYUU YAEBEPN-BNYARNVMEE dSYKH, BORKH YHKNLERPYUU NR PEIKH yultssme. dK SCHYHOYUFU YAYULNKERYU YAAPNYEMSH TsNPVHI YNTE B REPLNYAU, REOKSHE MYAYKH, YAYUONTSKH H NDEFDYU. yaAPNYAHKH RUYFE YUPRS I SYUGYUMHEL LEYARNMUUNFDEMKH YAYULNKERYU. schYHOYUF BYAE YANAPYUK... IEIVYUYA EDS MU YUSCHPNDPNL DK ONDTSNRNBYKH BNGDSMNTSN DEYUMRYU...".
oHKNR DBSULNRNPMNTSN TsKhDPNYYULNKERYU lo-6 (yumr-7) l.e. YaYUYUPNB, OEPBSHL SBKHDEBKHI “pNDHMS”, RYU NOKHYUK SHRNR LNLEMR: “dYUKEMKHI bNYARNY Kommersant GMYUK UNPNN - KERYUK RYUL ON LMNTsHL RPYYAYUL. GYUOYUDMSHI NAPSHBKHYARSHI AEPETS YULSPYU ONYPSHBUCHR YAOKNMSHE MEOPNUNDHLSHE ANKNRYU. yu B PUINME yultssmkh ANKNRKHYARYU LEYARMNYARE I YNVYULH, ON YNRNPSHL, UNRЪ H I RPSDNL, MN LNFMN OPNIRKH. dK ONYYUDYKH NMH ANKEE SDNAMSH - LEMEYE BNDSH. ONSHRNLS NYNAEMMN RYYUREKEMN NYALYURPHBYUK SHHRKH LEYARU. ONYAKE DBSUVYANBNTSN ONHYAYU GYULERHK YAPEDH PUGBNDHI ORRMN I MEOPEPSHBMN LEMCHYEIYNMTHTSSPYUZHHEI. YaMHGHKYA I 700 DN 50 LERPNB. oORMN NYUGYUKNYAE DBSULNRNPMSHL YYULNKERNL. p'DNL DBYU VEKNKBEYU BYARP'UKHBUKH PUYAOPYUBKEMMSHL YSONKNL OYUPYUCHRYU, YARYUPYUYAE OPHBKEVE LNE BMHLYUMKHE. ъ YANLMEBYUKYA, VRN NAMYUPSFHK "pNDHMS", - BEDE EE SHCHYKHOYUF YANYARNK HG RPEU VEKNBEY. x MYUGBYUMKH YAYULNKERYU ME SBKHDEK. YAMKHGHKYA DN APECHYETSN, MN RYUY MHVETSN KH ME ONMYK. sFE ONGFE LSH SGMYUKH, VRN YAKNBN "pNDKHMYU" ASHKN MYUOHYAYUMN MU MKhFMEI VYUYARKH YPSHKYU KH ON ANYUL MNYANBNI VYUYARKH TCHGEKKFYU, ONSHRNLS SBHDERE ETSN YABEPUS ASHKN MEBNGLNFM N.
pYUDKHYAR DUK MU YUSCHPNDPNL PYUDHNTsPYULLS: LSH, BNGLNFMN, NAMYUPSFHKH B PYYINME yultssmkh "pNDHMS". yaAPNYAHKH BSHLOEK I GYUOHYAYNI - YUY YANNAYHRE MYUL YAHTSMYUKNL, YRN HG VKEMNB SHYHOYUFYU NRYASRYARBSER. bSHYKYUDSHBYUMKHE OYUPYUCHRYU YAKEBYU NR YAYULNKERYU DNKFMN NGMYUVYURE, VRN MER LRSPLYUMYU, IOPYUBYU - BRNNTsN OHKNRYU, OEPED YYULNKERNL -YNLYUMDHPYU YNPYUAK. rYUY LSH SGMYUKH, VRN NRYASRYARBSER URSPLYUM...”
LYUPKHMYU PUYAYNBU, ONYHMSBUY YAYULNKER MU OYUPYUCHRE, KHIE 6 NYRJAP DNAPYUKYUYAE DN LEYARYU YUBYUPKHIMNI ONYYUDYKH. DEYA'RE YSRNY NMJU AKSFDYUKYU ON NYAEMMELS ANKNRKHYARNLS KEYAS, SFE OPHONPNYEMNLS YAMETSNL, KHLE KH'E MEANKENNI YUBYUPKHIMSHI GYUOYUYA OKHYH. bN BPEL OPSHFYU NMYU ONREPKYU NDHM HG SMRNB, ONSHRNLS MUGELMSHE GKNYKCHVEMHYE YE ANKEE SYAKNFMKHKHYAE. OPHVEL EYY DN RNTS, YUY PUYAYNBU BSHKYU Y YABNELS YYULNKERS, NMYU YARUKYU YABKHDEREKEL YARPUUMNI KH MEKEONI YURYUYARPNTSH.
MU YAKEDSCHYKHI DEME ONYAKE NAMYUPSFEMHЪ, 5 NYRЪAPЪ, Y LEYARS BSHMSFDEMMNI ONYYUDYKH “pNDHMSH” BSKHKEREKH DBYU YYULNKERYU: ra-3 X dya-3. I NDMNTSN YYULNKERYU OPEDONKYUTSYUKNYAE JAPNYAHRE MEANKENNI DEYYUMR I BPYUVNL, YAOJHYUKHYARYULH H YAOYUYUREKEMNI YNLYUMDNI. MU ANPRS BRNPNTsN ra-3 MYUNDHKYA YNLDHB yNPNYHM, MU dya-3 - SVIYARMHY OPEKERYU "LNYAIBSH" TKYUTS-URSPLYUM aP'MDKHMYAYKHI. NYANANI MENAUNDHLNYARKH B ONKERE SHRKHU DBSU YAYULNKERNB ME KHLEKNYAE, ONSHRNLS REL ANKEE OEVYUKEMSHLH OPEDYARYUBKCHRYA ONYAKEDNBUBUKHE RPYUTSKHVEYAYKHE YANASHRKH. KERVKHY YYUUYUPNB, ЪBХБХИЯ NVEBKHDZHEL, RYU NOKHYUK OPNKHGNYEDEE: “mu YAKEDSCHYKHI DEME, 5 NYRЪAP, Kommersant NOЪRE BSHKEREK Y YYULNKERS, VRNASH SRNVMHRE NAYARYUMNBYS. I BSHIANRSH SBKHDEK "DSTSKYUYA", YPSFKHBKHI MYUD "pNDKHMNI", YU MU CHTSN-BNYARNYE - VERSHPEULNRNPMSHI ra-3, KEREBKHI MYUD MEANKENNI DNAKHMNI. "dSTSKYUYA" ONDUNDHK Y RA-3 BYAE AKHFE KH BDPSTs, YPSHKNL NRPSAKHB ELS UBNYAR, SOYUK X BGNPBUKYA. ONYAKE SDYUPYu NTSPNLMSHI ra-3 ONYEK BBEPU, YADEKYUK ONKNBHMS OERKH, B BEPUMEI EE RNVYE NOSYARKHK ME KH B OEPEBEPMSRNL ONKNFEMHH BPEGYUKYA B GELKCH. b LNLEMR, YNTsDU NM OEPEBNPYUVHBYUKYA BBEPU YNKEYAYULH, HG NRYPSHRSHU YUAHM BSHOYUKH VERSHPE YNLNVYU, MYD MHLH PUYAYPSHKHYAE OYUPYUCHRSH. RYU YAOYUYAKHYAE YNLYUMDHP YNPYUAK, BRNPNI OKKNR KH DBYU BNGDSMSHU YARPEKYU. xG “dSTSKYYU” ME YAOYUYAY MHIRN...
BYAE SHRN MYUACCHDUKH KH KERVKHZHSH "pNDHMSH". TsPKHGNDSANBYU X NYAHOEMIN BSHKNFHKH XG ONKNRMKHY PYUGNPBYUMMNTSN OYUPYUCHRYU YAKHTSMYUK "RA-3 S0S" X YARPEKS, SYUGSHBUCHYSCH MUOPYUBKEMKHE Y LEYARS AEDYARBKH. onNDNYEDKHI Y LEYARS ONYYUDYKH "pNDHMSH" BRNPNI ra-3 MYUPYUBHKYAB B YANNRBERYARBHH I YAHTSMYUKYULH MU GELKE B PUINM YURYUYARPNTSH. ONRNL NM BEPMSKYA, YAAPNYAHK DBSU OYUPYUCHRKHYARNB (YaONPRHBMSHU YNLHYAYUPNB, YNRNPSHE DNAFMSH ASHKH YAMRE OPKHANPSH DK PETSKHYARPYUZHHH PAINPDYU DUKEMNYARKH) X YAMNBYU ON EK Y LEYARS YURYUYARPNTSH. RUL NM YAAPNYAKHK BPYUVYU H RPEU OYUPYUCHRKHYARNB, YNRNPSHE DNAFMSH ASHKKH ONLNVE KERVKHZHJUL OPNIRKH VEPEG ANKNRN X RUITSS Y yultssmkh. dNAKHPYUKHYAE NMH Y “pNDHME” DBEMYUJURE VYYANB.”
b PEGSKERYURE YARNKYMNBEMHЪ ra-3 X dya-3 ONTSKHAKH 16 VEKNBEY. mHYYUYKHU YANNAYEMHI N YURYUYARPNTE MKhTSDE ME ONYAKEDNBYUKN, ANKEE RNCN, PYYAYAYUGSHBURE N MEI ASHKN GYUOPEYEMN, KDNTSKHE TsNDSH HYARNPKHCH UPYUMHKH B TSKSANYNI RUIME. I LEYARU RPYUTSEDHH OH OPHVHME ETSN RPSDMNDNYARSOMNYARH BSHBEGKH X GUUNPNNMHKH KKHE REKYU YANPNNYHMYU X aPMDHMYAYNTSN, YU NYARYUMYKH NYARYUKEMSHU ONTSKHAKHU GUUNPNMHKH RNAEIN YAOS YAR RPHJURE KER.
VRN YUYAYUERYA VKEMNB SHCHYHOYUFYU "pNDHMSH", RN KHU BSHBEGKKH YAPYUGS, OPHVEL pYUYAYNBS DN PEYKH YULTSSME DNYARYUBHKH MY MNYAHKYUU. 12 NYRЪAP FEMYKHMSH OPHASHKKH B YNLANLNKEYAY-MU-YULSPE, TsDE KHU OPKHBERYARBNBUKH REOKN, MN ON OPHVKHME OPNHGNYEDKHU TSNPEYARMSHU YANASHRKHI AEG ONDNAYUCHYETSN RNPFEYARBU. GYUREL MU LNMHRNPE yLSPYAYNI PEVMNI TKNRHKHH DNRYUBHKH B uYUAYUPNBYAY, NRYSDYU ONEGDNL BYA SVIYARMHYH YANASHRKHI NROPYUBHKHYAE B lNYAYBS. gDEYAE ASHKYU NPTSYUMKHGNBUMYU RNPFEYARBEMMYU BYARPEVIU, OPHEL B YPELKE H MYUTSPYUFDEMHE BYAEU SVIYARMKHYNB OPEKERYU X YAOYUYUREKEMNI SCHYAOEDHZHHH.
onKER YYULNKERYU "pNDKHMYU" OPNDNKFYUKYA 26 VYYANB 29 LKHMSR. gyu SHRN BPEL ASHK OPNIDEM LYUPPSR NAYIE OPNRЪFEMMNYARECH B 6450 YHKNLERPNB, KH MHU ON OPILNI - 5908 YHKNLERPNB. YuBKHYUZHNMMMYU YAONPRKHBMYU YNLHYAYAKH ZHEMRPYUKEMNTSN YUSCHPNYKSAYU YAYAP OND OPEDAEDUREKEYARBNL YNLAPKHTSYU h.r. yaОХПХМУ ОПХГМУКУ ШРНР PEGSKERYUR BYAYANCHGMSHL (MYUZHNMYUKEMSHL) FEMYAYHL PEINPDNL ON YKYUYAYAS “I” (YASUNOSRMSHE YYULNKERSH). LEFDSMYUPNDMYU YNLHYAYAKH TYUH SRBEPDHKYU ETSN B YUVEYARBE LHPNBNTsN FEMYAYNTSN PAINPDYU DUKEMNYARKH ONKERYU ON OPLNI AEG ONYAYUDYKH.
2 MNAP 1938 Ts. SYUGNL oPEGKHDHSLYU BEPUNBBMNTSN YANBERYU yayap VKEMSH SHCHYHOYUFYU YYULNKERYU "pNDKHMYU" BC TsPHGNDSANBYU, o.d. nYAHOEMIN, l.l. PYUYAYNBU ASHKKH SDNYARNEMSH GBYUMKH TSPNEB YANBERYAYNTSN YANCHGYU. nPDEMYULH X ONVERMSHLH TsPYULNRYULH ASHKH RUYFE NRLEVEMSH NPTSYUMHGYURNPSH OPEKERYU, SVIYARMHYH ONHYAYNB X SHBYYUSHHH SHCHYHOYUFYU.
yYUY NRLEVYUKNYAE KHVMN YNLYUMDKHPNL SCHYHOYUFYU tsPHGNDSANBNI YAYULNKER “pNDKHMYU” OPH BSHMSFDEMMNI ONYYUDYE OPYURKHVEYAYKH ME ONYARPUDUK. b MNYAPE 1938 Ts., YUY RNKEIN BSHOYUK YAMETS KH MYUVYUKKHYAE LNPNGSH, YAOEZHHYUKEMYU YUBYUPKHIMYU YNLYUMDU ONDMJUK YAYULNKER KH SYARYUMNBKHKYU ETSN MU KSHFKH. 5 DEYUAP "pNDHMYU" YARYUPRNBUKYU I LEYARU OPHGELKEMKH H OPEKEREKYU B ijNLANLNKEYAY. DYUKEE YYULNKER BEPMSKYA B LNYAYBS, TsDE ETSN ONKMNYARECH NAYAKEDNBUKH KH DNONKMHREKEMN OPNBEPHKH B ONKERE.
B MNAPA 1939 Ts. Muuvyukamkh Tskubmnzn Sopyubkemkh BC LNNNB NAPURHKYKYA GULYARKHREKRECHRECHRECHRARKHARKHAREARYURYURYURYURYUPNBMSHYUPNLHAYAYAYUPNB (YAMY) Yangu Yayap M.Yu. bNGMEYAEMYAINLS I OPNYAEANI "OPEDYURE YAYULNKER "pNDKHMYU" B slbk (sOPYUBKEMHE LEFDSMYUPNDMSHU BNGDSMSHU KHMKHI) DK RPEMKHPNBNY". b NRBER ELS ASHKN OPEDKNFEMN "PEYURE DYUMMSHI BNOPNYA VEPEG tsPHGNDSANBS" - bYUKEMRHMS YAREOYUMNBMS MEGYUDNKTSN DN SCHRNTSN MYUGMYUVHKH MYUVYUKEMKHYNL slbk. nVEBKHDMN, B NRMNYEMHH DUKEMEYETSN HYAONKEGNBUMHЪ YAYULNKERYU KHLEKHYAE YUYKHE-RN GYULSHYAKSH. BOPNVEL, SHRN BYAETSN KHIE OPEDONKNFEMKHE, KHAN DBYU ONYAKEDSCHYHU TSNDYU YAYULNKER NYUGYUKYA MEBNYARPEANBUMMSHL H YNPNRYUK YABNI BEY MU NYPYUHME ZHEMRPUKEMNTSN YUSCHPNDPNLYU.
ON BNYAONLKHMYUMKHIL PYUANRMKHYU YUBKHYUGYUBNDU No.241 ts.kh. ьHYN 22 KhChM 1941 Ts. PELNMRMSCH APHTSYUDS aSHYNBYAYKHU YUBKHYULYUYAREPYAYKHU NROPYUBKHKH MU ZHEMRPUKEMSHI YUSCHPNDPNL I GYUDYUMHEL YAPNVMN GYUYULSTKHPNBYURE BYAE KHLECHYKHEYA RYUL YAYULNKERSH MYUMEYARKH MU MHU NONGMYUBYUREKEMSHE GMUYH bbya. YaPEDH OPNVKHU LYUHM NMH OEPEYYYAHKH X YARNYKHI GDEYAE YYULNKER “pNDKHMYU”.
aSHBKHI KERVKHY-HYARPEAHREKE 120-CN HYUO m.m. ьRSVIYKHM BYAONLKHMYUK, VRN 22 NYRAP 1941 Ts. gDEYAE RNTSDU YARNKKH YANRMH PUGKKHVMSHU YAYULNKERNB, B RNL VHYAKE NOSHRMSHE KH SHYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHE LYUKHMSH. NAUND YUSCHPNDPNL, KCHANGMUREKEMSHE OKHKNRSH MU NYPYUKHME GYULERHKH GMYULEMHRSC "pNDHMS", NYALNRPEKH EE, GYUTSKUMSKH B YUAHMS. GYUONLMHKNYAE, VRN PSVYU SOPYUBKEMH KH OEDYUKH ASHKH NAHHRSH LEUNL, MU KEBNL ANPRS OHKNRAYNI YUAHMSH MUUNDHKYA AEMGNYPYUM, OND MHL YSYANY BURLUMYU, MU YNRNPNL SYUG SHBUKYUYAE NVEPEDMNYARE OEPEYKCHVEMHYAEMGHMNBSHU AYUNB.
17 KhChK 1942 Ts. “pNDHMS” (HLEMMN OND RUYHL MYUGBYUMHEL, YU ME YUY yumr-37) GYUPETSKHYARPHPNBUKH I TSPYUFDYUMYAYHL MNLEPNL yayap-x443. YaYULNKER OPHMYUDKEFYUK YUBKHYUGYUBNDS No.30 myyuo, B KHMREPEYAYU YNRNPNTSN BSHONKMJK RPYUMYAONPRMSHE ONKERSH. 16 YAEMRYAP 1943 Ts. OH OPHVHME KHMNYEMMNYARKH x443 YAOKHYAYUKH, ONYAKE VETSN YAKEDSH ETSN GYUREPKKHYAE MYUBYAETSDU.
YaSDEAYU FEMYAYNTSN SCHYHOYUFYU "pNDHMSH" YAKNFHKYUYAE ON-PYUGMNLS. BYAE RPNE SVYUYARMKHYNB ONYAKE OPNBEDEMMNTSN OPEKERYU ONKSVHKH OPNDBHFEMHE ON YAKSFAE X OPNDNKFHKH KERMSCH OPYURHYS.
ONKKHMY DEMKHYANBMY NYAHOEMIN BEYAMNI 1939 Ts. 2 LYu NMU BSHKEREKYU MU DBSULEYARMNL HYARPEAHREKE srkh-4 BLEYARE I CG BEYARMSHL KERVKHYNL, SVYUYARMHYNL BNIMSH B hYAOYUMHKH, yuMYURNKHEL yaEPNBSHL. ON YAEI DEME DNONDKHMMN MEHGBEYARMN, VRN OPNHGNYKN B RNL ONKERE. YaVKHRYURYAJ, VRN YARPNTSKHI B OHKNRKHPNBUMHH srkh-4 YANNPBUKYA B URNONP, KH ME BSHUND KH BPYUYEMH BPEGYUKYA B GELKCH, BLEYARE I NANKHLH OHKNRNB. oПУУ ХУ ГУУНПНМХХХ B YAREME LNYAYNBYAYNTSN YPELK.
lYUPKHMYU lHUYUIKNBMY PUYAYNBU B YNMZHE 1941 Ts. OPKHYARSOKHKYU Y TNPLHPNBYUMKHCH YAOEZHHYUKEMNI FEMYAYNI YUBHYUVYYARKH, PUYAONKNFEMMNI B TSNPNDE schMCEKEYAE. b TEBPYUKE 1942 Ts. KHNMMSHL ONKYNL, KERYUCHIKHL MU MNVMSHU ANLAYUPDHPNBYKHYUU s-2. IYULYU PUYAYNBU BNGTSKYUBKHKYU 587-I FEMYAYKHI ANLAYUPDHPNBNVMSHYYUBKHYUONKY MU YAYULNKERYUU oE-2. b DEYUAPE 1942 Ts. ONKY OEPEKEREK MU TPNMR, TsDE BNYEK B YANYARYUB 270-I YUBHYUDHBHGHHH 8-I bNGDSSMNI YUPLXX. 4 ЪМБИУПЪ 1943 Ts., YANBEPIU OEPEKER MU YARYUKHMTSPYUDYAYKHI TPNMR, B SYAKNBKHU OKNUNI BKHDHLNYARKH pyuYaynbyu ONTSHAKYU YALEPRECH OHKNRYU.
YaSDEAYU BUKEMRKHMSH YAREOYUMNBMSH TsPHGNDSANBNI YAKNFHKYUYAE MUHANKEE AKYUTSNONKSVMN. xGBEYARMN, VRN HYAONKEGS YABNH BSHYANYKHE GBYUMHЪ H B YAHKS MESELMNTsN UYUPYUREPYU H MYURSPSH, ME REPOYEI MEYOPYUBEDKHBNYARKH, BN BPELEMYU PEOPEYAYAKHI tsPKHGNDSANBYU YULNNRBEP FEMMN BYARYUBYUKYU MU GYUYHRS YUPEYARNBYUMMSHU YNKKETS-YUBHYURNPNB. b BNIMS ONKYNBMKHY TsPHGNDSANBYU BNGTSKYUBKYU 101-I DUKAMEANLAYUPKHPPNBNVMSHYYUBKHYUONKY, KERYUCHYKHI MU YAYULNKERYUU KH-2. kHVMN YANBEPHKYU 200 ANEBSHU BSHKERNB. ONYAKE BNIMSH TSPKHGNDSANBYU ME LEMEE SYAOEMN PUANRYUKYU B NANPNMMNI NRPYUYAKH, BNGTSKYUBKYU OPNEIRMSHI KHMYARHRSR. b 1986 C. ONKSVKHKYU GBYUMKHE TsEPN YANZHKHYUKHYARKHVEYAYNTsN rPSDU. SLEPKYU B LNYAIBE, B 1994 TsNDS B BNGPUYARE 84-U KER.
(c) lHUYUHK lyuYAKNB
cru:
| lNDHTHYUZHH | Yumr-37AHYA |
| pYUGLUU YPSHKYU, L | 31.00 |
| dKKhMYu, L | 15.00 |
| bSHYANRYU, L | 5.20 |
| OKNYYUDE YPSHKYU, L2 | 85.00 |
| I love it, JC | |
| OSYARNTSN YYULNKERYU | 5855 |
| MNPLYUKEMYU BGKERMYU | 12500 |
| RHO DBKHTSUREK | 2 od l-86 |
| lnymnyare, K.Ya. | 2 U 950 |
| LYUYAKHLYUKEMYYAINPNYARE, YL/V | |
| MU BSHIANRE | 340 |
| WITH GELKH | 300 |
| oPUYRHVEYAYU DUKEMNYARE, YL | 7300 |
| oPUYIRKHVEYAYKHI ONRNNKNY, L | 8000 |
| ShYKHOYUF, VEK | 3 |
| bottom. KhMTNPLYUZHKH: |
| tNRNCPYUTHH: | "pNDKHMYU" B OEPHND ONDTSNRNBYH Y OPEKERS |
| "pNDKHMYU" B OEPHND ONDTSNRNBYH Y OPEKERS | |
| "pNDHMYU" OEPED YARYUPRNL | |
| "pNDHMYU" MU YARYUPRE OEPEKERYU | |
| "pNDHMYU" | |
| "pNDHMYU" | |
| "pNDHMYU" | |
| "pNDKHMYU" (ayayap-x443) B 1942-43 CC. | |
| "pNDKHMYU" (ayayap-x443) B 1942-43 CC. | |
| schYHOYUF "pNDHMSH" MU TNME YYULNKERYU |
IWELSH:
| "pNDHMYU" |
bYUPHYUMRSH NYPYYAYH:
| "pNDHMYU" |
| "pNDHMYU" (ayayap-x443) |
| YaOHYANY HYARNVMKHYNB: |
| yPSHKE. lHUYUHK lyuYAKNB. PAINPDMSHI OPEKER "pNDHMSH" yaYULNKERSH lHPYU. mHYNKYUI tsNPDCHYNB. PAINPDMSHI YYULNKER "pNDKHMYU" mKHYNKYUI YYSANBHV. "YARYUKHMYAYKHI LYUPPSR" vYYUKNBU H kEBYUMEBAYNTSN l.a. IYUSYYE. YaYULNKERSH Yumr. yPYURYU SMZHHYKNOEDH mKHYNKYUYYSANBHV. bYAE ANEBSHE YYULNKERSH rSONKEBY UBPNB b.a. KHYARNPKH YNMYARPSYZHKHI YAYULNKERNB B yayap DN 1938 Ts. YAHLYUNB a.k. YaYULNKERSH YARPIUMSH YANBERNB. 1917-1970 YaYULNKERSH YARPIUMSH YANBERNB |
sTSNKNY MEAYU. 2014
