Research work on the topic: “History of naval uniforms”

The history of the appearance of such a dress uniform

The first time the Navy dress uniform arose during the reign of the great Peter the Great. Its appearance is associated with the emergence of the Russian Navy itself. The date of this event is generally known - the thirtieth of October.

First, uniforms were introduced. It was intended to be worn by sailors and lower ranks. This item of clothing looked like this:

1. Jacket.
2. Cropped trousers. The color of the pants and jacket was green. And these wardrobe items were sewn from coarse woolen fabric.
3. The set also included stockings.
4. Broad-brim.
5. Shoes made of genuine leather.

This Navy uniform was copied from the Dutch naval uniform.

Dress uniform

If we consider the situation as a whole, the parade differs from everyday uniforms only in the ceremonial colors: white colors predominate here. The dress uniform is also divided into men's and women's, worn taking into account weather conditions, and is intended for sailors and officers. Let's consider each of the possible options.

Navy dress uniform

For midshipmen and officers

A cap is used as a headdress: white or black. In winter, a hat with earflaps is worn. High-ranking officers wear astrakhan hats with a visor.

The kit includes a white or black jacket: the second option is usually used in winter. The trousers are black, the shirt is white. The dress uniform is complemented by a golden belt and a black tie. Depending on weather conditions, a soldier may have white or black (woolen) gloves on his hands. It is allowed to wear a white muffler.

For sailors and petty officers

The dress uniform of conscript sailors must include a vest. Contract servicemen wear cream shirts with a black tie. In both cases, the “top” is complemented by black trousers. The shirt is white, on the head is a cap of the same color. On their feet, sailors wear black low shoes.

In the winter season, the parade is complemented by a uniform pea coat and a hat with earflaps. Mufflers, white or woolen gloves are allowed.

Dress uniform for female sailors

In style, a set of dress uniforms resembles a casual option. Only for special occasions, female soldiers wear a white shirt with short and long sleeves, a golden belt, and a white muffler (for winter uniforms).

Dress uniform for female sailors

Work suit

There was also an everyday work suit, which was worn instead of a uniform. This set consisted of the following clothing items:

1. Loose fit shirt. It was spacious.
2. Trousers made of canvas.
3. Triangular headdress.
4. Camisole.

The Ushakov sailors wore such uniforms during their voyage across the Mediterranean.

Gray canvas trousers and a shirt belonged to the robe for everyday work. On top of this set of clothes it was customary to wear a white shirt. Its distinctive feature was an azure-colored collar. This is how the rank and file of the fleet dressed. This Navy uniform was approved in the second half of the 19th century.

Text of the book “Where and What Came from the Navy”

In 1850, multi-colored collars were introduced for ship oarsmen - blue, white and red, by which it was easy to determine which division they belonged to. On white and red collars, which already stood out sharply against the blue background of flannel, there were no stripes, and on blue collars, merging with flannel of the same color, there was one white stripe along the edge (or, as it was called then, edging). A blue collar with several white stripes appeared in 1851 on ship oarsmen, although the number of stripes varied. The 1st Division rowers had one stripe, the 2nd Division rowers had two, and the 3rd Division rowers had three stripes. For a long time, stripes on collars were worn only by rowers of ship boats.

In 1881, three white stripes were introduced on the collars for sailors of the Guards Fleet Crew. And the next year, 1882, this collar was extended to the entire fleet.

Thus, it is certain that the number of stripes has nothing to do with the victories of the Russian navy. It’s just that when choosing a design, the purely aesthetic side of the matter prevailed: the collar with three stripes turned out to be the most beautiful and has a simple, finished shape. In the summer, sailors in our navy wear a white linen uniform shirt with the same attractive blue collar, edged with three white stripes. The same three stripes are on the blue cuffs of these shirts. In the winter or autumn season, over a white uniform shirt, sailors used to wear a dark blue woolen shirt of the same cut as a flannel shirt, and let the collar of the white shirt come out. Nowadays, as a rule, they wear a woolen shirt without a white one with the same separately sewn collar, which is fastened to it at the bottom of the collar opening. A shaped collar, with its appearance reminiscent of the blue expanses of the sea, always looks elegant.

The uniform of the lower ranks of the navy differed from the general military uniform and the appearance of trousers.

During the sailing fleet, sailors wore trousers of a special cut, which had flared legs at the bottom, shaped like a bell (from the French cloche - bell) and called bell-bottoms in Russian. This cut had a practical necessity - during ship cleaning, when the entire deck was covered with streams of water, when climbing onto yards along the shrouds, when mooring boats to a sloping shore, it was convenient to bend the ends of the wide trouser legs up above the knees with one movement of the hand, so as not to wet the trousers. Over time, the need for bell-bottoms disappeared. In the Russian pre-revolutionary navy, sailor and officer trousers made of black wool or cloth were straight-cut, of moderate width, without the slightest hint of bell-bottoms. From 1909-1910 Due to the fashion that arose in civilian men's clothing, naval officers, mainly young people, began to wear bell-bottom trousers. Their example was followed, though only outside the schools, by students of the Naval Corps. Sailors were strictly forbidden to alter official trousers and wear bell-bottoms. All the more forcefully, from the first months of the February Revolution, a massive alteration of sailor trousers began in a style with a bell at the bottom, which sometimes acquired ridiculous, caricatured dimensions. This was especially true for anarchist sailors and for people who had nothing in common with the fleet. These “sea wolves”, who did not have even the most basic understanding of naval service, tried to disguise their accidental, sometimes criminal, stay in the fleet with their emphatically exaggerated, enormous trouser legs.

The contemptuous nickname “kleshnik”, “Ivanmor” (instead of military service) everywhere accompanied such would-be sailors, who were quickly thrown out of the ranks of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Fleet.

In our modern navy, bell-bottom trousers are not held in high esteem. Probably because the cut of the uniform trousers is beautiful and comfortable.

Let us continue our consideration of the evolution of naval uniforms.

In 1874, Alexander II approved a new “Regulation on the form of clothing,” which came into force on January 1, 1875. It abolished all previously existing instructions, regulations and other documents on the form of clothing and the rules for wearing it. This provision determined a uniform uniform for all ranks of the fleet and served as the basis for the formation of the traditional appearance of the sailors of our Fatherland.

The naval uniform has become simpler, looser and much more practical. At the same time, she remained beautiful in appearance and the style of her uniform items. But the clothes were still dark green. Some of the uniform items introduced earlier passed without changes into the new uniform, in particular the cap, a ribbon with an inscription, shoulder straps, epaulettes, stars and black double-headed eagles on them, a dagger, a naval saber, etc.

One of the accessories of the uniform of adjutants and flag officers as a sign of their service under the superior (generalissimo, field marshal, full general) or to distinguish the highest military ranks included in the tsar's retinue was an aiguillette - a specially woven cord of gold or silver thread with two pointed metal tips into which pencils were first inserted. The tips were made the same color as the aiguillette. The aiguillette was fastened to the right shoulder under the shoulder strap (epaulet).

The assignment of special court military ranks to officers, admirals and generals - aide-de-camp and adjutant general - also obliged them to wear aiguillettes along with a monogram (in capital letters of the name of the reigning persons) on shoulder straps or epaulettes.

Officers of the pre-revolutionary army who graduated from the Academy of General Staff and Topography were given the right to wear the so-called scientific (silver) aiguillette.

Historically, the origin of the aiguillette has been explained differently. Some researchers attribute its first appearance to the times of the Dutch bourgeois revolution (1566-1609). Several regiments, staffed exclusively by Dutchmen in Spanish service, rebelled and went over to the side of their compatriots. The Spanish ruler of the Netherlands, the Duke of Alba, sentenced the rebels in absentia to death by hanging. The Dutch, having learned about this, launched an attack on the Spaniards, throwing ropes wrapped in loops around their necks as a sign of contempt for the Duke’s threat. Soon this rope loop became a symbol of heroism, valor and patriotism, becoming one of the accessories of the military uniform of the Dutch army in the form of a silk loop that was attached to the officer's shoulder.

Another explanation for the origin of the aiguillette comes from artillerymen who wore it over their shoulders in the 16th-17th centuries. special bundles of ropes necessary for pulling a weapon to an elevated position or for towing to help horses on a bad road. There is a third explanation - it, in our opinion, is the most correct. The prototype of aiguillettes are laces to which adjutants tied several pencils at once (since there was no time to sharpen them in battle) to record the orders of their superiors.

The aiguillette first appeared in the Russian army in the second half of the 18th century, when another favorite of Catherine II, G. A. Potemkin, when awarded the rank of adjutant general, received a special sign in the form of gold cords or a bunch of ribbons, richly decorated with diamonds and precious stones. This badge, worn on the right shoulder, was more courtly than military, was called “tresil”, or “tressil”, and was a prototype of the aiguillette that existed in the Russian army until 1917.

Nowadays, aiguillette is part of the dress uniform of honor guard personnel and participants in military parades.

On November 17, 1876, a black coat was introduced for officers to wear in winter and inclement weather. From that time on, the dark green color of the naval uniform gradually gave way to black, which became dominant in the fleet, excluding the blue tunics adopted later and blue flannel sailor shirts.

The appearance of blue in the naval uniform of sailors of the Russian Navy is due to the whim of the English King George II.

One day the king was walking through London's Hyde Park and was struck by the beauty of the magnificent equestrian Lady Bedford, who proudly sat on a white horse, dressed in a dark blue dress with a white collar. It was then that His Majesty, who had a weakness not only for the fair sex, but also for the fleet, decided that this particular combination would be most suitable for British sailors. The king's word is law. However, the sailors immediately appreciated the refined taste of their monarch, seeing that their appearance had indeed become more representative and elegant.

The blue color of the uniform quickly took root in all maritime countries, displacing the then widespread white, red and green colors. Changes in military uniforms during the reign of Alexander III almost did not affect the naval suit, except that sailor shirts became longer and more spacious and officers received some new items of uniform.

In 1881, a new item of naval clothing became a double-breasted black jacket with a turn-down collar and lapels, with two rows of buttons (three in a row). With some changes, it has survived to this day. With a jacket, as with a frock coat, it was necessary to wear a white shirt with a stand-up collar and a black tie, as well as a cap with a white piping, a visor and a cockade. Conductors (the military rank of non-commissioned officers) and boatswains began to wear uniforms similar to those of officers. The black color for most items of naval uniform for all personnel was finally established only in 1910 and has been preserved in our fleet to this day.

In 1891, the so-called states embroidered with red thread, that is, signs symbolizing their specialty, were introduced on the left sleeve of specialist sailors (machinists, galvanizers, artillerymen, stokers, etc.). These sleeve insignia for midshipmen, warrant officers, petty officers, sergeants and sailors of the Navy (except for naval aviation personnel) have been preserved to this day.

According to the “Rules on Uniforms for Officers and Civilian Officials of the Naval Department,” introduced in 1904, uniforms were divided into ceremonial, combat ceremonial, coastal, marching, ordinary (vitsmundir), landing and service.

All ranks of the navy were required to wear a mustache and, if desired, sideburns or a beard.

Earlier, during the reign of Alexander II, imitating the emperor, most officers wore sideburns, and under Alexander III - a beard.

The new “Rules” of 1904 provided for about a hundred options for wearing uniforms on various occasions (parades, parades, guard duty, duty, worship, balls, mourning, dinner parties, theater, etc.).

On the eve of World War I, naval uniforms underwent significant changes. In August 1911, Naval Minister I.K. Grigorovich introduced new rules for wearing naval uniforms, approved by the sovereign. They existed until 1917. For the first time in history, for convenience in assigning the appropriate uniform, numbers were assigned to each of its variants - from No. 1 to No. 13. The numbering of naval uniforms, in a slightly modified form, has been preserved to this day (in the modern Russian military The navy has assigned numbers - from No. 1 to No. 6). By the beginning of the war, the main items of uniform for admirals and naval officers were an overcoat, a coat (cloak), a dress uniform, a uniform (frock coat), blue and white tunics, black and white trousers and gray gloves. With appropriate forms of clothing, epaulettes, shoulder straps, aiguillettes, orders, stars, ribbons, badges, a naval saber or dirk, a pistol or revolver with equipment were worn.

In conclusion, one cannot help but say about the uniform of the students of the Naval Corps - cadets and midshipmen. According to contemporaries, the students of the Naval Corps were a kind of decoration of St. Petersburg. Their drill bearing and beautiful uniform attracted the attention of residents of the capital, especially high school students, and guests of the capital who saw them for the first time.

On the day of the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Naval Corps in 1901, 21 midshipmen in various uniforms dating back to 1701 stood on the right flank of the parade formation of students.

It is easy to see that the uniform in the Marine Corps changed on average every ten years. Instructions approved in 1907 introduced the following uniforms for midshipmen of the Naval Corps: vacation, home, combat and work. For example, when the leave uniform was announced for those leaving for the city, midshipmen put on: a uniform, black trousers, short boots, an overcoat with a hood (or without it), a cap, a sword belt, a broadsword (for sergeants - a saber) with a lanyard, headphones (on frosty days).

The combat uniform differed in that a cartridge bag was worn instead of a broadsword. Midshipmen were armed with rifles, and sergeants with revolvers.

The home uniform consisted of a blue flannel shirt, black trousers and short boots.

On the peakless cap there was a black silk ribbon with the inscription “Naval Corps”. Sergeants wore caps with a visor. Non-commissioned officers and sergeants had a gold braid on the cuffs of their uniforms, and on the shoulder straps (white) the sergeants had one wide transverse stripe made of the same gold braid. Senior non-commissioned officers wore three narrow yellow braid stripes on their shoulder straps, and junior non-commissioned officers wore two.

In order to prohibit violations of the uniform of dress traditional for midshipmen, which gave the appearance a completely unnecessary touch of panache, the instructions included a special article that did not allow gilded buttons and officer braids on the uniform, as well as wearing mufflers along with a tie[76], rings, bracelets, galoshes , patent leather shoes, canes, umbrellas, etc.

During the First World War, the personal uniform of the fleet did not change and remained the same until the February Revolution. The Minister of War and Naval Affairs of the Provisional Government, A. I. Guchkov, abolished shoulder straps and cockades in the navy, although in the army shoulder straps were preserved until the October Revolution. The Anglo-American system of insignia - sleeve stripes - was introduced in the navy. The width of the braid of the stripes varied depending on the rank.

After the October Revolution, the sailors' uniform changed little and remained sharply different in name, cut, and color from the usual accessories of the combined arms military uniform.

In the Russian Navy, uniforms are divided into dress, dress and weekend, casual, work and field (for the Marine Corps); depending on the season - summer and winter. In addition to regular military personnel, admirals, generals, officers, midshipmen and warrant officers who have been transferred to the reserve or retired with the right to wear military uniforms also have the right to wear uniforms. Wearing a military uniform is determined by special “Rules”.

“uniform honor” has become a tradition.

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Anyone who puts on a uniform ceases to dispose of himself at his own discretion. From that moment on, he subordinates his life to a precisely regulated order. A military uniform, not consecrated by strict discipline, ceases to be a symbol of honor and becomes impersonal clothing. The concept of “uniform honor” is inextricably linked with the high dignity that permeates the entire service and non-service life of military personnel. And therefore, taking the military oath, every warrior swears to defend his homeland “courageously, skillfully, with dignity and honor...”
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It would be nice for us to revive the old tradition of communication, when, before addressing anyone orally or in writing, we always said: “I have the honor...”

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The uniform of the Russian naval sailor is practical and comfortable, moreover, it is one of the most beautiful in the world and is very popular.

The centuries-old glorious traditions of our fleet inspire respect for the uniform of the Russian sailor in other countries.

Uniforms contribute to the clear organization of ship service, creating an atmosphere of strict correctness and politeness in the relationships of sailors. It has the best effect on the appearance of military personnel, making them slim and fit.

Unfortunately, it should be said that in connection with the reform in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the uniform for military personnel, a period of anarchy has begun. For example, uniforms for military personnel of the Navy have been developed, but due to insufficient funding they are not supplied to formations and units in full. Therefore, at present, the Rules for Wearing Military Uniforms, determined by Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 210-1997, allow the wearing of both new and previous items of uniform. This, of course, does not contribute to maintaining the exemplary appearance of military personnel, and, consequently, to high discipline and clear organization of ship service.

The history of military uniforms is inextricably linked with one of the oldest army rituals - giving military honor.

Who hasn’t seen how, when meeting each other, military personnel put their right hand to the visor of their cap and greet each other! This ritual is called military honor. Its implementation is mandatory for everyone who is dressed in military uniform; it has become so ingrained in the life and everyday life of warriors that they perform it without thinking, automatically. But few of those performing this ritual, not to mention those observing, know the history of its origin.

It is very likely that the form of giving military honor by placing the hand on the headdress came from knights who, when meeting each other “in the open field”, when they had no intention of engaging in battle, raised the visor of their helmet to show their face, and did so always with the right hand, since the shield was held in the left.

There is another version, according to which it is believed that the origin of the ritual dates back to 1588, when the leader of the pirates, the English navigator Vice Admiral Francis Drake, meeting the English Queen Elizabeth I (known for her ugliness) on board his galleon “Golden Hind”, pretended to be blinded by her beauty, and therefore was forced to raise his hand and shade his eyes with his palm. Since then, supposedly such a military greeting has become a tradition.

But most researchers of maritime traditions still associate the ritual of giving military honor with the times of chivalry. Later, the ritual of giving military honor consisted of removing the headdress. It is now difficult to say exactly when it was cancelled. However, it is known that in the navy, the removal of the headdress when giving military honor was replaced by placing a hand on the crown of the cap shortly after the Crimean War (1853-1856). In the Russian navy, giving military honor in everyday service on a ship was not required. It was given only by those who were on duty (watchmen), when they received orders, as well as when each crew member personally addressed the senior. This was done by placing the right hand on the crown of the cap and immediately lowering the hand. In this, the navy differed from the army, where the lower rank kept his hand raised until special permission was given to lower it.

Nowadays, the procedure for giving military honor to military personnel in coastal units and upon dismissal from a unit (from a ship) is determined by the Military Regulations of the Armed Forces and is the same for personnel of all armed forces. The salutation on the upper deck and in the living quarters of the ship is determined by the Naval Charter; its ritual is in many ways reminiscent of the one that existed on the ships of the Russian fleet.

Immediately after the February Revolution, the famous order No. 1 for the army and navy abolished military honor, but with the creation of the regular Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (since 1918), it was reintroduced.

Giving military honor, as well as strict observance of other forms of military courtesy, is evidence of strong discipline, order and organization in units and on ships. A man in military uniform is a man of a special destiny, a special duty. Uniforms, insignia, awards - all this is an external expression of the honor and dignity of soldiers, sailors, officers, generals and admirals. The honor of the uniform is not only the past and present of an officer, but also his future. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

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ADMIRAL GENERAL OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET AND OTHER NAVAL OFFICERS

With the development of permanent armed forces in our state, the need arose to determine seniority in relations between military personnel in accordance with their official position.

In the XV-XVI centuries. For the first time in Russia, military ranks appeared. So, for example, in 1550, the tsar established the following ranks for the Streltsy army: Streltsy, Foreman, Pentecostal, Centurion, Half-Head, Head of the Order, Voivode, Streltsy Head. In 1681, a new rank appeared - colonel. After the formation of the regular army and the Russian Navy, new military ranks (ranks) were introduced for them.

In 1722, Peter I approved his famous legislative act - “Table of Ranks” - which legitimized some of our previously existing ranks and established a clear system of military, state (civilian) and court ranks in the Russian Empire, their correspondence to each other, the procedure for passing civil service and the sequence of ranks. In accordance with the “Table of Ranks,” all ranks were divided into 14 classes (1st was the highest). Military ranks consisted of four categories - guard, land, artillery and naval.

Peter I introduced naval ranks for admirals, staff and chief officers of the fleet of the Russian Empire. The list of naval ranks began with Admiral General. This was the highest rank in the navy. According to the “Table of Ranks”, Peter put him on a par with the Field Marshal General, as a person of the first class. However, at first, the boundaries of the power and influence of this rank were not precisely defined in the laws, and depending on the circumstances, the admiral general was either the actual head of the fleet, or bore this title as an honorary one.

On November 1, 1908, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, the last Admiral General of the Russian Fleet, “the chief commander of the entire fleet and the Naval Department,” died. The year of the Admiral General’s death coincided with the 200th anniversary of the existence of this military rank in the Russian Navy.

Peter the Great, as you know, was not a born sailor, but he perfectly understood the importance of the sea in the life of the state. Gaining access to this new source of the country's development had to be done by force of arms. To conquer and maintain access to the sea, a fleet was needed first of all. To create a fleet, dedicated, energetic people were required who would exactly fulfill all the requirements of the king, knew all the needs of the new maritime business and could improve the life of the fleet. One of these, and, moreover, the best, assistants to the Tsar-Sailor was Count Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin, with whose name, as well as with the name of Peter the Great, the entire history of the Russian fleet, the history of its general admirals, is inextricably linked.

F. M. Apraksin was born in 1661. His sister, Marfa Matveevna, married Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, and this is probably why Apraksin was appointed the royal steward at the same time [77], and after the death of the childless Fyodor in 1682 he became a steward under the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. With this rank, Apraksin participated in all the amusing wars and voyages of the future Great Sailor along rivers, lakes and the White Sea. Already at that time, Peter had more than one occasion to become convinced of the sincere devotion, great abilities and indestructible strength of character of his steward. In 1693, Apraksin received his first prominent and responsible appointment - the post of Dvina voivode and governor of Arkhangelsk, where the first government ship was being built - the 12-gun yacht "St. Peter". Then Apraksin took part in the Azov (1696) and Kerch (1699) campaigns, and in 1700 he was appointed chief commander in Voronezh and led the construction of ships for the Azov fleet, receiving the rank of admiralty. From the very beginning of the emergence of the fleet, in the second Azov campaign, the management of the fleet was entrusted by the Tsar to Franz Yakovlevich Lefort, who became the first Russian admiral, and before that, in 1691, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. Lefort often signed official papers with two ranks: general and admiral. Obviously, therefore, there is a misconception that he was the first admiral general. The second admiral after Lefort’s death was Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, who was also mistakenly “granted” the rank of admiral general in many encyclopedic publications. In 1706, Field Marshal General and Admiral F.A. Golovin died, and the Tsar ordered Apraksin to take over all affairs of the Naval Department, which were in charge of the deceased. In 1707, Fyodor Matveevich was promoted to admiral, and the next year, having a flag on the 32-gun ship Dumkrat, he already commanded the fleet in the Gulf of Finland.

In the fall of 1708, when Swedish troops, together with a fleet of 22 pennants, tried to capture St. Petersburg, the commander of our troops operating against these enemy forces was F. M. Apraksin. A strong detachment of Swedes under the command of General Lübecker was defeated. Vice Admiral K. Kruys, in a letter to A.D. Menshikov dated October 20, 1708, spoke about the outcome of this bloody battle near Narva, which ensured the integrity of St. Petersburg: “Having gathered an army, Apraksin defeated the enemy of this month on the 16th day

(October - V.D.)
in the trenchment
(in battle formation - V.D.)
attacked and killed all 30 officers.
The enemy’s baggage (military transport - V.D.)
was all destroyed, 6,000 or 7,000 Reitar’s, as well as those that were under the bogazhia, horses were shot and stabbed upon our arrival
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For this glorious deed, Peter the Great on December 22, 1708 ordered Admiral Apraksin to give the admiral general's salary on the same basis as a field marshal general - 7,000 rubles. From that day on, Apraksin began to be titled Admiral General in official documents. Vice Admiral K.I. Kruys constantly addressed Apraksin this way, and the sovereign himself did not always address his correspondence with this title[79].

On August 30, 1721, peace was concluded in the city of Nystadt with Sweden. Among the many awarded, the tsar did not forget the merits and works of F. M. Apraksin: he was given the flag of the admiral general, called the Keyser flag

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Commanding the fleet, Apraksin raised this flag on the mainmast of the flagship[80].

For the first time, the Keizer flag was raised by Apraksin on the river. Volga near Astrakhan in 1722 in a surprisingly solemn atmosphere. Commanding the Caspian Sea fleet, on July 3, Count Apraksin arrived on a gukor in Astrakhan under the Keizer flag, and the first to come to him with a report on a rope was Admiral Pyotr Mikhailov (that is, the tsar himself), who commanded the advanced naval detachment. Following the king, other commanders appeared, the ships and the city fired cannon salutes. The fleet was intended for military operations against Persia.

In the following years 1723, 1724, 1725 and 1726. Count F. M. Apraksin commanded the fleet that spent the winter in the Kronstadt roadstead, having his flag on the ship “Ekaterina”.

But the admiral general’s service was not without disappointment, since the tsar treated all ranks of the fleet equally strictly. In 1714, an investigation was ordered against Apraksin following a denunciation accusing him of abuse of contracts for the treasury. Abuses really came to light, but Apraksin was not guilty of them. The culprits turned out to be his subordinates, who took advantage of the Admiral General’s constant travels for personal gain. And yet Apraksin was fined by the sovereign a huge amount. In 1718, when Apraksin was cruising in the Gulf of Finland, having his flag on the ship “Moscow,” he was again put on trial “for abuses.” At the same time, the Admiral General was arrested and sentenced to deprivation of property and dignity, but in respect of previous merits, the sovereign’s punishment was limited to a monetary penalty. Finally, in 1723, Apraksin was fined 50 rubles for non-existence at the water assembly.

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Under Peter the Great, neither high rank, nor military merit, nor kinship spared those guilty or even those suspected of a crime in their service from investigation, trial and punishment. Even such a seemingly insignificant offense as the absence of a 62-year-old admiral general from a pleasure water assembly did not go unnoticed. After the death of Peter the Great, the old admiral general had the misfortune of seeing the decline of the fleet.

On November 10, 1728, the first Admiral General of the Russian Fleet, Count Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin, died and was buried in the Moscow Zlatoust Monastery.

Under Peter the Great, the Admiralty Collegium, as the highest governing body of the naval department, actually worked under the chairmanship of the Admiral General.

After the death of the emperor, the college turned into an irresponsible institution. The fleet quickly fell into disrepair, no money was allocated for it, the ships deteriorated in the harbor and were not repaired. Increasingly, voices from high-ranking officials were heard about the uselessness of the fleet and its possible complete liquidation. But fortunately, there were also people in power who sacredly kept the covenants of Peter and deeply understood the goals and aspirations of the Great Sailor. One of these associates, “chicks of Petrov’s nest,” was Andrei Ivanovich Osterman.

The son of a pastor from the town of Bochum in Westphalia, a young student Osterman was transported to Russia by K. I. Kruys in 1704. He quickly learned Russian speech and from Heinrich Johann was renamed Andrei Ivanovich. German by nationality, Osterman gave Russia all his strength and abilities; his amazing persistence in implementing the plans and plans of Peter the Great largely saved the Russian fleet. When Osterman once apologized for mistakes in Russian speech, explaining them by the fact that he was not Russian by origin, one of his main opponents, Bestuzhev, answered him in the presence of others: “You are not only Russian, but a Russian who is worth twenty others.”

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Bestuzhev was right, since, according to the historian of the war with Turkey A. Kochubinsky, this German did not stop thinking about the Turks and sighing about the Bosporus even in distant Siberia. Andrei Ivanovich began his career in the diplomatic field and accompanied Peter on his travels at sea and on military campaigns. He was with the tsar both on the Prut and in Reval, and together with Bruce he made peace with the Swedes in Nystadt in 1721. Thanks to Osterman’s persistence and energy, the terms of the peace treaty were so beneficial for Russia that, in the words of the sovereign: “He himself cannot It would be better to write it for the signature of the Swedes.
This glorious work of yours in the world (Osterman - V.D.)
will remain forever unforgettable.
Our Russia has never received such a useful peace . For this service to Russia, the emperor granted Osterman the rank of Privy Councilor and made him a baron.

During the reign of Catherine I, A. I. Osterman was a member of the Supreme Privy Council and after the death of Admiral General F. M. Apraksin, he was appointed chairman of the Military Naval Commission to consider and put into good and reliable order the fleet, admiralties and everything that belongs to it

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What fabrics were used for sewing?

For a long time, the Navy uniform (its photo is presented in the article) was made of lightweight canvas. This was due to the fact that this material is easy to wash and remove various contaminants. This fabric was used in tailoring uniforms until the eighties of the last century. There was also a difference in the color of clothing between different navies. For example, the Black Sea had a white shape.

And the rest of the fleets used a blue tone to wear. Then the uniform began to be sewn in blue or dark blue. The fabric has also changed. Cotton began to be used instead of canvas. In recent years, it has become customary to sew uniforms to order in various studios. Any fabric can be used for its production. It is worth saying that it is not always of good quality. The color palette for sewing uniforms can range from blue to black. Often, materials such as sergeant major are used for manufacturing. It has a dense texture and is considered a high quality fabric.

Project "Naval Uniform"

• April 9, 2012

Competition "Children's Research Project - 2012"

Nomination "First discoveries"

I saw a lot of different military people in illustrations and books. The soldiers in naval clothing seem the most beautiful to me. The clothing of military sailors is very different from other soldier uniforms. Not all military personnel wear a vest. Only sailors have a beautiful blue collar with snow-white stripes and a short black coat. On their heads, military sailors do not wear a cap, like others, but a white cap with black ribbons. I became very interested in why the sailor’s clothes are different from the clothes of other soldiers and why the sailors need ribbons on their caps.

Hypothesis:

I made a few assumptions:

1. Sailor's clothing in order to be different from other soldiers.
2. The sailor's clothing matches the color of the sails, sky and sea. Serves for beauty.
3. Sailor's clothing is needed for comfort on ship's service.

Features of the marine uniform

To answer my questions, my mother and I read several books and found a lot of information on the Internet.

From various sources I learned that military clothing is called a uniform. It is correct to say not “sailor’s clothing”, but “sailor’s uniform”.

Everyone has seen the vest, but few people know that the vest got its name from the word “body.” This shirt or “vest” is worn on the body. The striped color of the vest has a long history. From the very beginning, sailors wore white shirts, without any stripes. It was difficult for the captains of sailing ships to see the sailors on the masts and yards when they climbed there in order to remove or set the sails. After they decided to line the shirt and applied blue stripes, the sailors could be seen very well against the background of the sky and sails, even when they worked at the highest altitude of 40 - 45 meters! Also, a sailor who has fallen overboard can be easily distinguished on the surface of the sea.

The Russian vest, at first, had different widths of stripes - the blue stripes were four times narrower than the white ones. 100 years ago, in 1912, the width of all stripes became the same - a quarter of an inch, i.e. approximately 1 centimeter.

An integral part of the sailor uniform is a blue collar with three white stripes. This collar is called a guy, and the stripes are called piping. It turns out that the guy itself is not for beauty. In cold windy weather, a square fabric collar is tucked under the peakless cap and protects sailors from colds. But the edgings look very beautiful. For a long time, only oarsmen wore stripes on their collars. In 1882, a collar with the aesthetically pleasing three stripes was common throughout the navy.

In the cold season, sailors wear a pea coat. It looks like a cropped coat. The peacoat always has two rows of buttons - double-breasted, with a wide turn-down collar and lapels that, when raised, will cover the neck and cheeks from the wind.

The most beautiful part of the uniform, it seems to me, is the cap with ribbons. I learned that the custom of sailors wearing a ribbon on their sailor caps originates from the fishermen of the Mediterranean Sea, who in the old days, when setting sail on their old boats, usually received from their mothers, wives, and loved ones ribbons with embroidered words of prayer. The sailors believed that prayers would protect them from all disasters at sea. Later, the name of the fleet in which the sailors served was written on the tape: “Pacific Fleet”, “Black Sea Fleet”, etc. However, tapes are used not only to know where the sailor is serving. The ribbons are securely attached to the cap and, in order not to lose it during a storm or battle, the ribbons are tied around the neck or tightly squeezed in the mouth.

Conclusions:

1. The sailor's uniform is different from the army uniform of other troops.
2. The sailor's uniform is very beautiful, matching the color of the sails, sky and sea. In the old days it served for beauty.
3. The modern sailor's uniform is convenient for service on a ship.

All my assumptions turned out to be correct.

Conclusion.

While studying the naval uniform with my mother, I realized that it is of great importance in the life of every sailor. Adults and children love this costume so much that people use some of the details of the nautical uniform in their clothes.

I learned that sailors have dress and work uniforms, but naval officers have a different uniform from sailors. Perhaps next time I'll explore these differences.

Bibliography:

1. Children's Encyclopedia (Soviet) [Electronic resource] / Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia. – Access mode: https://wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. Zhitkov B.S. Sea stories. M.: 2004.
3. Morozova V. B. Marine glory of Russia. Central Naval Museum. White City: 2003.
4. https://dony.ru/book

Application: Presentation.

Author: Novitskaya Vera, 5 years old, student of the senior group of the MBDOU "Child Development Center - Karagai Kindergarten No. 3", Karagai village, Karagai district, Perm Territory. Head: Elena Vladimirovna Anyanova, teacher of the highest qualification category, MBDOU "Child Development Center - Karagai Kindergarten No. 3", Karagai village, Karagai district, Perm Territory. Teaching experience 17 years.

Everyday clothing for sailors

What is the Russian Navy uniform for sailors for every day?

Below we will consider a sailor's suit, which is usually worn every day. The uniform for it has several names, namely: “robe”, “work dress”. The correct name is “naval suit”. It is also common to call a sailor's dress a tunic.

The sailor's suit includes the following clothing items:

1. Shirt.
2. Trousers.
3. Special sailor collar.
4. Shoes.
5. Headdress.

Shirt

It should be said that a sailor’s shirt is usually called a shirt. This is due to the fact that it has a loose fit. And its appearance resembles an ancient shirt. This clothing has a special sailor-style collar. The cut is made in such a way that the back and front have no seams. There is a patch pocket in the front of the shirt. In addition, there is an internal pocket. A special incision is provided. It is fastened with a button. The sleeves have a regular, straight shape and are set-in. Also, this item of clothing has shoulder straps of a simple shape. They correspond to the rank of the bearer. In addition, a mandatory attribute of a sailor's shirt is a white tag. It contains information about the person's combat number. This number will not be erased. It is customary to wear a shirt untucked. If you are on shift, it should be tucked into your trousers. In cold weather, a coat or peacoat is worn on top. An overcoat can also be used as insulation.

Marines

The Marines are one of the most elite and significant troops of the navy, requiring serious military training and being involved in special operations related to the water element and the protection of the state’s maritime borders. Marines are a kind of universal soldiers, the characteristics of whose service dictate the need to perform a wide variety of tasks, ranging from participation in naval battles and boarding enemy ships, to airborne landings to carry out special operations on land.

The scope of their actions expanded over time from simple guard duty on the country's border to special operations associated with long crossings of water spaces and the abolition of the enemy's anti-landing defenses. Not only military operations are complete without the participation of Marines; these troops were involved in the Russian-Turkish battles, won numerous victories in the war with France, during the Great Patriotic War, Marines participated in operations related to the defense of Leningrad and Stalingrad, fought for Murmansk and Odessa , reached Berlin itself and continued their journey as liberators of many European states.

Unfortunately, this is where the history of the Marines in the Soviet Union ends: this unit was restored as an active unit only in 1960.

Marines today serve in absolutely all units of the Russian Navy, are equipped with the most modern weapons, have special equipment and state-of-the-art installations at their disposal.

Trousers of an employee in the navy. New Navy uniform

When sewing trousers, the cut that was used in the seventeenth century is still used. The material for sewing these pants is dark blue and has a cotton base. The main features of sailor trousers are pockets. They are located on the sides. There are also special fasteners on the codpiece. In addition, there is a belt with loops. They are called “loop loops” and hold the belt. The form's belt is made of leather. It has a plaque with state symbols. Now it shows the emblem of the Navy. Previously, in Soviet times, an anchor and a star could be seen on the plaque.

Collar as an important form attribute

You should know that the collar has a symbolic meaning. It consists in the fact that there are three white stripes on it. They are a symbol of the victories of the Navy in such battles:

1. Chesmenskoe.
2. Gangutskoe.
3. Sinopskoe.

The collar material is cotton. It has a lining. The collar is worn over the shirt. The Navy dress uniform includes a collar as part of its kit.

Demobilization uniform of military sailors

According to established tradition, military personnel leaving the reserve decorate their dress uniform with aiguillettes and other bells and whistles. It is quite natural that there are no strict standards here, so demobilization is guided by personal preferences. It should be noted here that the demobilization uniform is considered non-statutory, and therefore prohibited from wearing. However, the command usually turns a blind eye to this nuance, because after being transferred to the reserve, a former sailor becomes a civilian, so he can wear anything.

Here it is necessary to clarify that sewing a demobilization uniform is not a prerequisite. Some military personnel retire to the reserve wearing a regular parade uniform, which looks quite impressive without any additional decorations.

Demobilization uniform of military sailors

Sailor's headdress - cap

It should be said that the uniform has several hats. First of all, it’s worth mentioning a cap without a visor with a ribbon. There is an inscription on the ribbon. It may say “Navy” or the name of the ship. The tape is fixed on the band. The bottom, walls and band are made of woolen fabric. The cap also has a cockade. It is located on her crown. The cap's cap badge is presented in the form of a gold-colored anchor. During the Soviet Union, it was made in the form of a red star, which was framed by golden leaves. This cockade was called a crab. The cap is made of white fabric. It has a replaceable cover.

Navy Day (43 photos)

On the last weekend in July, Russians celebrate Navy Day. Large-scale events take place in port cities. One of the traditions of the holiday is the raising of the St. Andrew's flag in honor of military sailors.

On this day, parades of warships are organized that sail along the coast. Then military competitions, demonstrations, and shooting are held on water and land. They demonstrate the weapons that the fleet is equipped with.

Postcard Happy Navy Day

Performance by the Belomorsk base orchestra in honor of Navy Day in the city of Severodvinsk

Motor rally with St. Andrew's flags on Navy Day in the Amur Region

St. Andrew's flag against a clear sky on Navy Day

Caps on Navy Day in Severodvinsk Park

Large landing ship Minsk at the parade on Navy Day

Soviet poster about the Navy

Veterans and cadets of the Navy on their professional holiday in Veliky Novgorod

Naval parade on the Neva in St. Petersburg

Sailors on Navy Day with their families

Spectators and participants of the parade on Navy Day in St. Petersburg Spectators of the parade on Navy Day on the Volga Historical reconstruction on the banks of the Volga on Navy Day Boats around the Cruiser Aurora during the parade of warships on Navy Day

Column with flags of the Union of Military Sailors on Navy Day

Concert on deck on Navy Day in Vladivostok

Museum ship at the shipyard in Arkhangelsk on Navy Day

Cruiser Aurora on Navy Day in St. Petersburg

Small anti-submarine ship Urengoy at the parade on Navy Day

Young people on the Neva embankment opposite the submarine on Navy Day in St. Petersburg

Sailors ride a boat on Navy Day

Sailors in dress uniform on the deck of a Navy ship during a parade in St. Petersburg

Sailors at the parade on Navy Day in Severomorsk

Museum Cruiser Aurora on Navy Day

Decorated sailboats on Navy Day near the embankment in Simferopol

Opening of the parade of warships on Navy Day in St. Petersburg

Celebrating Navy Day on a boat

Navy officers at the parade in Sevastopol on their professional holiday

Monument to Navy sailors in land Chelyabinsk

Parade on Navy Day in Irkutsk

Parade on Navy Day in Sevastopol

Navy parade in St. Petersburg

A couple is photographed on Navy Day on the embankment

Sailing yachts around a submarine in the Gulf of Finland on Navy Day

Demonstration performance of the Marine Corps on Navy Day in Novorossiysk

Demonstration missile launch on Navy Day in Sevastopol

Festive fountain from fire hoses on Navy Day in Arkhangelsk. A priest and a cabin boy consecrate a ship on Navy Day

Submarine Krasnodar at the parade on Navy Day in St. Petersburg

Warships decorated for the holiday on Navy Day

Participants in the sports festival in honor of Navy Day in the suburbs of St. Petersburg

Fireworks in Sevastopol on Navy Day

Members of the Union of Military Sailors on their professional holiday on the deck of a ship

Ordinary people can go on some ships and get acquainted with the interior of the ships. Concerts are held in cities with the participation of brass bands or Russian stars. Usually they congratulate military sailors on holidays.

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Beret and caps

Another headdress that is used is the beret.

In addition to the beret, the uniform set is complemented by a cap. There are special holes on its sides. They are designed for ventilation. Such holes are called “blocks”. The front part of the cap is complemented by a cockade with an anchor. In Soviet times, the cap was worn by submariners. She was black. In addition, caps differed in type. Officers had one type, and privates had another. The entire naval force began to use the cap not so long ago. The shape of this headdress has changed. Previously, the cap was semicircular, but now it has a rectangular shape. In addition, the cap was complemented with white piping. In the past, such elements were only on the caps of officers and midshipmen. The star was replaced by a cockade.

Sailors

The concept of a sailor is broader than a marine. Sailors are all those people who work or serve (watch) on sea vessels. Moreover, it’s funny, but it’s not necessary for a sailor to go to sea; it’s enough just to be a member of the crew or be listed as support personnel.

Usually navigators, pilots, captains or sailors of sea vessels are called sailors. Sailors are both those who carry out combat duty on military ships and those who carry out transport operations by sea.

A more precise concept - a military sailor - is those people who do military service or serve under contract on military ships. They are not called upon to carry out special operations and participate in combat operations only as part of combined arms formations of the navy.

Sailor shoes

Sailors' boots deserve special attention. They were made of yuft leather and had a thick sole. In colloquial form, such boots were called “bastards.” These shoes were made with laces. Recently they have had rubber inserts. Old-time sailors prefer to wear boots. They are called chrome. This is due to the fact that they are produced using leather that has been tanned in chrome. In addition to chrome boots, there are cowhide boots. They are used in harsh climatic conditions. In hot climates, sailors wear sandals.

Features of the uniform of midshipmen and officers

The uniform to be worn every day for such categories of military personnel as officers and midshipmen includes the following clothing items:

1. Wool caps. They can be white and black.
2. Wool jacket.
3. Black coat.
4. Cream colored shirt.
5. Black tie with gold trim.
6. Muffler.
7. Black trousers.
8. Belt.
9. Gloves.
10. Boots.
11. Low boots.
12. Boots.
13. Wool cap.
14. A warm sweater that will match the color direction.
15. A jacket that is used for demi-season weather.
16. Cloak.
17. Blue woolen jacket.

Features of the female form. What is she like?

The women's uniform includes a cap, which is made of black woolen material. In addition, the uniform consists of a black wool skirt, a cream-colored blouse, and a black tie with a gold-plated bartack. Also, a women's costume involves wearing a belt, black shoes or boots and tights. Tights must be nude. Women also wear a jacket.

In the cold season, the women's uniform includes a black astrakhan beret, a woolen coat, and gloves. Shoes change to boots. If the climate is not very harsh, you can wear boots. It is allowed to wear a sweater, a hat with earflaps, a raincoat and a cap.

Modern navy uniform

The Navy turned out to be the most conservative in terms of changing uniform styles. He was not affected by the trends of Minister Serdyukov, who dressed the army in a “haute couture” uniform. It has retained all the elements that have historical roots and traditions. The final version of the naval uniform was approved in the middle of the last century (1951).

The materials from which naval uniforms are made have undergone changes. If at the dawn of the introduction of vests it was prescribed that the material should contain an equal amount of wool and cotton (paper), then modern vests are often made from semi-synthetic fabrics. They can be pure wool or cotton.

The fabric of sailor blouses is flannel, and for work suits (robes) they use not canvas, but “petty officer” - dense, non-staining cotton fabric with a high content of synthetic fibers.

Casual Navy uniform (2015 model)

The daily uniform set for enlisted personnel and senior officers of the Navy consists of:

• underwear (the set necessarily includes several calves - light - summer, and warm - winter;
• trousers (very specific - without a fly, with fasteners on the side seams - a patch);
• sailor collar - guy;
• shoe;
• outerwear - pea coat or overcoat;
• hats - according to the season: peakless caps, caps, berets and black earflap hats.

Shirt

She kept the cut of an old sailor's shirt - with a straight back without seams, wide sleeves and a deep neckline on the chest. On the front there is a patch pocket on which a white tag with a number is sewn. Worn for release (during work). On combat duty and for formation - tucked into trousers under a belt.

Trousers

There are several legends about sailor trousers and their cut. The first dates back to the time of Peter I, the second to Catherine II. Both are associated with piquant situations witnessed by royalty. In fact, the specific cut of navy trousers is related to safety. It is much easier for a sailor who has fallen overboard to free himself from shoes - to take off his shoes and unfasten the fasteners along the side seams, rather than unfasten the buttons hidden under the codpiece strap. The trousers have wide loops (loop loops) through which the belt is threaded.

Collar (guys)

The special pride of sailors. Made from cotton fabric with lining. Has a loop and buttons for attaching uniform flannel shirts and work uniforms to the collar. Included in the dress uniform set.

Pea coat and overcoat

The traditional clothing of sailors is a short jacket - pea coat, made from black overcoat cloth. Worn over a blouse in the cold season (autumn-spring).

The overcoat is black, worn under a belt. Used in winter.

Hats

The traditional sailor's headdress is a peakless cap. In recent years, it has been somewhat replaced by berets and caps, which are more practical in the cramped quarters of warships. For winter, a black fur hat with earflaps is provided. Attempts to introduce knitted hats into sailors' uniforms, instead of earflaps, were not accepted by the sailors and did not take root.

Shoes

In naval jargon, sailor boots are called “bastards” or “burnouts.” Made from yuft leather. They have thick soles. Until 2014, they were made with lacing. Modern shoes have rubber inserts that allow for quick putting on and taking off in extreme situations. For sailors serving on shore, the clothing set includes yuft boots, and for those who participate in foreign trips to tropical countries - lightweight sandals.

Dress uniform. Description

The dress uniform has several options. This is due to different weather conditions. A white shirt, black wool trousers and a gold belt are the main components of the dress uniform.

As for shoes, the Navy dress uniform may have black or white boots. It is also allowed to wear ankle boots or boots in two colors. Depending on weather conditions, a muffler or collar is permitted.

During the cold season, the dress uniform includes a black wool coat. Overhead shoulder straps are sewn on top of it; they are exactly the same as those used on jackets. The shoulder straps on the shirts are removable. The winter version of the dress uniform includes wearing black gloves. If the weather conditions are not too harsh, then military personnel can use a raincoat or a demi-season jacket. In addition to black gloves, military personnel can also wear white ones.

Sailor's casual uniform

The set consists of several elements of clothing, which may differ depending on the rank of the serviceman and gender. However, regardless of these factors, uniforms always include:

• Shirt;
• Trousers;
• Guys (uniform collar);
• Shoes;
• Headdress.

Let's look at each of the elements of everyday clothing in more detail.

Shirt

It is cut according to the established pattern and includes a button-down collar. The sleeves are straight, the front and back are stitched without seams. The style includes two pockets: a patch pocket on the front and a hidden pocket on the inside. A sailor's shirt always has a tag on which the combat number is indelibly painted. According to the regulations, you can wear your shirt untucked. When a soldier is on watch, his shirt is tucked into his pants.

Trousers

To sew trousers, dark blue cotton fabric is used. The style includes side pockets and belt loops for wearing a belt. The belt itself is made of pigskin and is equipped with a copper plaque decorated with the emblem of the navy.

Sailor's casual uniform

Jack

This is an overhead collar, which is necessarily included in the set of formal and casual uniforms. The jacket is sewn from blue cotton fabric, with three white stripes along the edges, symbolizing the victories of the Russian fleet in the Chesme, Gangaut and Sinop naval battles.

This collar is worn over a uniform shirt.

Headdress

The clothing set of Russian sailors includes not one, but several hats:

• Peakless cap with cockade;
• Hat with ear flaps;
• Beret;
• Cap.

Shoes

Depending on the place of service, military sailors may wear:

• Yuft boots with thick soles;
• Cow boots;
• High top boots;
• Sandals (tropical climates only).

Please note that starting from 2014, the lacing on the boots has been replaced with rubber inserts.