Su-47 "Berkut": photos, characteristics. Why was the project closed?

Su-47 "Berkut" is a Russian fighter project that was developed in the mid-90s of the last century at the Design Bureau named after. Sukhoi. The main features of this machine include the forward-swept wing (SWS) and the widespread use of composite materials in the design. Today the Su-47 exists in a single copy; it is used as a flying laboratory. The creation of “Berkut” was led by Mikhail Aslanovich Pogosyan.

Despite the fact that the project to create the Su-47 Berkut fighter was closed a long time ago, aviation enthusiasts remember this machine very well. In the late 90s and early 2000s, the Berkut invariably shone at aviation shows, attracting the attention of spectators with its unusual appearance. At that time, the domestic aviation industry did not have much to brag about, so Berkut had to “take the rap” for everyone.

Journalists created additional excitement around the fighter, calling the Su-47 a “real breakthrough” and “the last hope of domestic aviation.” Although, in fact, he was neither one nor the other. At one time, there were no less disputes and discussions regarding the Su-47 than there are today around the PAK FA. When talking about the Berkut project, people most often ask why such a “cool” aircraft was never put into service?

The fact is that not all aircraft are developed for further mass production. The Su-47 was not initially planned to be put into service. This unusual machine was conceived as a test bench on which design solutions for next-generation fighters would be tested. The Su-47 Berkut aircraft is another step on the way of the domestic aviation industry towards the creation of a fifth-generation fighter.

Basic information about the program

The fact is that the plane attracted everyone's attention due to the forward sweep of the wing. The excitement was such that even modern discussions of the PAK FA project do not live up to those events. All experts predicted an impressive future for the new development and wondered when the Su-47 Berkut would appear in the army. Why did they close the project if everything was so wonderful? Today we will talk about this, as well as about the milestones in the development of this aircraft.

Flight performance

Although similar projects with forward-swept wing aircraft were carried out in many countries, they were sooner or later abandoned. Only the Su-47 entered production, albeit not into serial production. Testers, designers and experts have rated and rate the Berkut very highly, noting its maneuverability, stealth and ability to carry a large combat load.

Su-47 "Berkut"	Rafale	F-22 Raptor
Dimensions (length/wingspan/height)	22.6 m. / 16.7 m. / 6.4 m.	15.30 m./ 10.9 m./ 5.3 m.	18.9 m./ 13.5 m./ 5.09 m.
Wing area	56 sq.m.	45.7 sq.m.	78 sq.m.
Weight (normal at takeoff/maximum)	25.6 t./ 34 t.	14.7 t. / 24.5 t.	29.2 t / 38 t.
Maximum speed (at the ground/at altitude)	1400 km/h / 2200 km/h	1350 km/h / 1900 km/h	1490 km/h / 2410 km/h
Fuel quantity	12 t.	4.7 t.	8.2 t.
Maximum flight	At subsonic – 4000 km, at supersonic 1600 km	1800 km	2960 km.
Ceiling	18-20 km	15.2 km	20 km.
Engines	TRDDF 2x15,600 kgf	TRDDF 2x7,500 kgf	TRDDF 2x15.876 kgf
Run length	90 m.	400 m.	250-450 m.

Since the Su-47 was conceived as a fighter, it can be compared with similar aircraft from other countries that are Russia's competitors in military terms. Thus, the best representatives of Germany (Typhoon) or France (Dassault Rafale) can compete with the Su-47 in maneuverability, but are inferior in combat load and destruction range. Consequently, they lose significantly in a possible battle.

But the American F-22, the only fifth-generation aircraft in the world, could have turned out to be a worthy competitor, if not for one “but”. Its cost was so enormous (about 70 billion dollars are known to have been spent on just 187 cars) that production was suspended.

"Top secret" object

It is known that the first prototype took off into the skies of the Moscow region at the end of September 1997. But the very fact of its existence became known much earlier. Already at the end of 1994, the Western press wrote more than once that Russia was developing a secret aircraft. The supposed name was even given - S-32. In general, it is very likely that the fact of the plane’s existence was a secret only for us, because the media of Western countries wrote openly about forward sweep.

Domestic fans of military equipment received confirmation of all this information only at the end of 1996. A photograph appeared in Russian periodicals, which immediately raised a lot of questions. There were two planes on it: one of them was easily recognizable as a Su-27, but the second car was like nothing else. Firstly, it was completely black, which is not very typical for the domestic Air Force, and secondly, it had forward-swept wings. A couple of months later (and this no longer surprised anyone), quite detailed diagrams of the new aircraft appeared in the same foreign media. If anyone didn’t guess, it was the Su-47 Berkut.

In general, they managed to maintain some secrecy: it later turned out that work on the project began back in the 80s. After the collapse of the USSR, almost all information of this kind “suddenly” appeared in the public domain. Which, however, is not surprising.

Trials and popularity

On September 25, 1997, the first prototype of the aircraft took off. Test pilot I. Votintsev tested it for about half an hour. The plane did not cause any particular complaints. The series of tests lasted until the spring of 1998. This was followed by an analysis of the data obtained and some minor modifications.

The general public first saw the S-37 aircraft only in 1999 at the MAKS aerospace show. The model did not get into static parking. The only aircraft left the runway just before the demonstration flight. After landing, it was immediately towed to the hangar. A few days after the first flight of the fighter, the media began to talk about it. Soon, disputes about the features and prospects of the car spread throughout the world. At the same time, the media immediately called the Berkut a promising 5th generation fighter, which will soon be mass produced. The official statement about the experimental nature of the model had difficulty breaking through the mass of information noise.

While the media continued to discuss the new aircraft, its creators did not stop testing, establishing the fallacy or correctness of various technical solutions. At the dawn of the 2010s, the topic of creating a combat fighter based on the S-37 was raised again. It was planned to install a modern complex of electronic equipment on it, including a forward-looking radar equipped with a phased array antenna. As for weapons, the promising fighter was supposed to receive guided and unguided bombs and missiles, which could be transported either on an internal or external sling.

All attempts to create a combat fighter based on the experimental model were unsuccessful. continued to research the prototype, showing the same aircraft at exhibitions from time to time.

How it all began

At the end of the 70s, the entire senior leadership of the USSR Air Force was thinking about the aircraft manufacturing strategy for all subsequent years. Already in 1981, a program was launched with the goal of developing a “new fighter for the 90s.” Mikoyan Design Bureau was appointed the main design bureau. But the leadership of the Sukhoi Design Bureau managed to convince the project management that the existing Su-27 had an impressive basis for modernization, and therefore the existing machine should be developed, and not “reinvent the wheel.”

Just at that time, M.P. Simonov became the general director of the design bureau, who nevertheless decided to abandon the modernization plans, proposing to create something truly new. This is largely due to the fact that the designers really wanted to test a number of interesting ideas, without the risk of “getting burned” on a failed project: in case of failure, they could attribute everything to novelty. However, even then no one doubted that these developments would be extremely valuable in any case, at least from a scientific and engineering point of view.

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hyYAKEDNBYUMHYLKH B VYUYARKH OPHLEMEMHYYNA MY YAYULNKERYUU RYURHVEYAYNTSN MYUGMYUVEMHYA ME ONGDMEE 1976 Ts. YUM." th YNMZhS 1978 Ts. RYUYHL NAPUGNL, KHGMYUVYUKEMN PEVE KBYU N PUGPYUANRYE SHYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMNTSN YYULNKERYU B PUGLEPMNYARKH KETSINTSN KHYARPEAHREK. THPLYU "dFEMEPIUK DYuIMSHHLHYA" OPEDKYUTSYUKYU OPNEIR YAYULNKERYU Ya ynya MU AYUGE KHYARPEAHREK F-16A 10-I YAEPHH - SFW/F-16. hYaONKEGNBYUMKHE MU YAYULNKERE F-16A ynya (STsNK YARPEKNBKHDMNYARKH - 20-25╟), YANTSKYUYAMN PUYAVERYUL, DNAFMN ASHKN DURE SBEKKHVEMKHE STSKNBNI YAYNPNYARKH MU 14%, PYUDKHSYU DEYARB ХЪ — MU 34% Х SLEMEEMHE BGKERMN-ONYADNVMSHU DKHYURUMZHHI MU 35-50%. NEYALNRP MU BOEVYURKYCHYKHE PUYAVERMSHE DYUMMSHE ON SHRNLS OPNEIRS, BSHAPYUM ASHK OPNEIR THPLSH “tsPSLLUM”. oPNEYR YYULNKERYU Ya ynya "YAEIAPASHHR" THPLSH "pNYSSCHKK" OPEDYARYUBKK YANANI YANBEPEEMMN MNBSC YUSCHPNDHMYULHVEYAYSCH YNLONMNBYS, NDMUYN X NM ASHK RUYFE NRYKNMEM. b MYUVYUKE 1981 Ts. ASHK BSHAPYUM OPNEIR THPLSH "tsPSLLUM" MU NYAMNBE KETSINTSN DMEBMNTSN HYARPEAHREK F-5. YANTSKYUYAMN PUYAVERYUL, OPEDONKYUTSYUKNYAE ONKSVKhRE MNBSHI KHYARPEAHREKE I YUYUPYYREPHYARKHYULH, MEYAINKEIN OPEBSHYUCHYHLH DUMMSHE YARYUMDYUPRMNTSN KHYARPEAHREK F-16, MN B PU GLEPMNYARKH YAYULNKERYU F-5.

22 DAYUAP 1981 Ts. YULEPKHYUMYAYU TKHPLYU "tsPSLLYUM" (MSHME BUNDHR B YANYARYUB NAZEDKHMEMKH "HNPRPNO-tsPSLLLYUM") ONKSVKHKYU YNMRPYUYR MU $71.3 LKM MU PUGPYUANRYS, ONYARPN IIS X KERMSHE HYAOSHRYUMKH DBSU SHYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHU YYULNKERNB u-29yu/b Ya ynya X otsn. YaYULNKER u-29 ЪБКЪКЯЪ KHYAKCHVHREKEMN SHYAOOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHL, VRN BKHDMN DUFE KH ETSN NANGMYUVEMHЪ - “X” (Experimental). dKЪ SDEEBKEMKH OPNTsPYULLSH YAYULNKERYU u-29 B MEL, ON BNGLNFMNYARKH, HYAONKEGNBUKHYAE NRPYUANRYUMMSHE YUTSPETSYURSH KH YAHYARELSH I DPSTSKHU YAYULNKERNB (F-14, F-16).

dK OPNBEDEMKH HYAOSHRYUMKHI ASHKH ONYARPNEMSH DBYU YAYULNKERYU u-29, OEPBSHI HG YNRNPSHU ONDMYUMKHI B MEAN B DEYUAPE 1984 Ts., BRNPNI - B LYUPRE 1989 Ts. YAYULNKERYU? 1 ASHKYU GYUBEPYEMU B DEYUAPE 1988 Ts. YAPEDM KHMREMYAHBMNYARE ONKERNB GYU BEYAE OEPKHND HYAOSHRYUMKHI YANYARYUBHKYU NYNKN ORKH B LEYAZH. LYUYAKHLYUKEMSHI RELO ONKERNB ASHK DNYARHTSMSR NYAMECH 1988 Ts., YNTSDU YAYULNKER BSHONKMK ON 3-4 ONKERYU B DEME. YAPEDYARBU MU BSHONKMEMHE OPNTSPYULLSH KERMSHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI ASHKH BSHDEKEMSH DN 1989 Ts. BYKCHVHREKEMN. KERMSHE HYAOSHRYUMKH MU u-29 ? 2 OPNBNDHKHYAE KH B 1990 Ts. y MYUVYUKS LYUPRY MU BRNPNL YAYULNKERE ASHKN BSHONKMEMN 22 ONKERYU. yuLEPHYUMYAYKHE KERVKHYKH RYU NRGSHBYUKKHYAE N u-29, ON YPYUIMEY LEPE, MU OEPBNL ShRYUOE KERMSHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI: “schRN KHYARPEAHREKE, YNRNPSHI KERUER, YUY ANLAYUPDHPNBYKHY.” bNGLNFMN, SCHRYU NZHEMYU ASHKYU YABGYUMYU I "YNMYAEPBYURKHBMNI" YAHYARELNI SOPYUBKEMKH YAYULNKERYU, B YNRNPNI B SYEPA OHKNRYUFMSHL YUVEYARBYUL YUZHEMR MU OEPBNL SHRYUOE KERMSHU HYAO SHRYUMKHI ASHK YADEKYUM MU AEGNOYUMNYARKH ONKERYU. b DUKEMEYEL YAHYARELYU SOYUBKEMKH ASHKYU YASYYYARBEMMN DNPYUANRYUMYU. ONYAKE OPNBEDEMKH ZHEKEBSHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI u-29 MU BNEMMSCH OPKHTSNDMNYARE B 1988 Ts., B RNL VHYAKE ONKERNB DK HYAYAKEDNBYUMKH LYUMEBPEMMNYARKH B BNEMMNL ONMHLYUMHH, LUINP bbya Yayu TsYUPPH SNYEP, BEDSYKHI KERVKHY-HYAOSHRYUREKE YAYULNKERYU, GYUBHK, VRN LYUMEBPEMMNYARE u-29 MUUNDHRYA MU SPNBME KHYARPEAHREK F -16 X LNFMN NFKHDURE DUKEMEYETSN ITS ONBSHYEMKH. HYU MYUVYUKEMNL SCHRYUOE HYAOSHRYUMHI PSYNBNDHREKE OPNEIRYU ​​ONKYNBMHY bbya yayu r. BEPFAYUMNBYAKHI DUK YAYULNKERS NYARNPNFMSCH NZHEMYS: “ON YPYUIMEY LEPE, LSH ONYUGYUKH, VRN LNFMN YAOPNNEIRKHPNBURE YAYULNKER, YNRNPSHI ASDER KERYURE I YPSHKNL NAPIURMNI YARPEKNBHD MNARCH. TYURKHVEYAYKH NM KERUER BONKME UNPNN!”

b yay OPNTsPYULLYU YYULNKERYU u-29 PYYAZHEHMKHBUERYA YUY MESDYUVMYU: YULEPKHYUMZHYUL, MEYALNRP MU OPHLEMEMKHE YANBPELEMMSHU ON RNLS BPELEMH YNMYARPSYZHNMMSHU LUREPHYUKNB, R YU X ME SDIUKNYAE YAOPYUBKHREYA I YUSCHPNDHMYULHVEYAYHL ЪBKEMHEL SOPSTSNI DHBEPTSEMHHH YPSHKYU. gYULEYARHREKE LHMKHYARPYU NANPNMSH yayu ON Hhnyp dNMYUKED yu. UHYA B 1986 Ts. OPHGMYUK, VRN ynya ME ASHKN DNBEDEMN DN GYYNMVEMNTSN BKHDU. NYU YAYULNKERE u-29 OEPBNMYUVYUKEMN OKYUMKHPNBUKHYAE HYAOSHRYUMH I MYUPSFMSHLH ONDBEYAYULH PUYER YKYUYAYU "BNGDSU-BNGDSU", HYAONKEGNBYUMKHE YANOKYU I NRYKNMYELSHL BEIRNPNL RЪTsKH, "OPSHFYNBNE" YUYAYAKH, OSYU I NRYKNMYELSHLH YARBNKYULH, MKHGYNOPNTHKEMSHI TNMYUPE YUAHMSH. oPEDSYALYURPHBYUKNYAE RUYFE ONDBEPTSMSRE u-29 HYAOSHRYUMKHL MU GYULERMNYARE H OPNKHGBEYARKH GYULEPSH shchop. BYAE SHHRKH OKYUMSH ME ASHKKH PEYUKHGNBYUMSH. NE DNKN DEKN X DN OPNBEDEMKH SVEAMSHU BNGDSMSHU ANEB I DPSTSHLKH HYARPEAHREKHLKH. b ZHEKNL PUANRSH B NAKYUYARKH ynya BEKKHYAE B yayu I 1978 OH MYUVYUKN 90-U TsNDNB.

b 1983 Ts. U GYUDYUV) OKYUMKHPNBUKYUYAE NRPYUANRYU NRYKNMYELNTSN BEIRNPYU RTsKH, OPKHMZHKHO YANGDYUMKH YOOYUPYURNB, NOPEDEKELSHU ​​YAKHYARELNI SOPYUBKEMKH, OPHLEMEMKHE ynya KHANKEE LKHPNYNE HYAONKEGNBUMHE YNLONGKHZHNMMSHU LUREPHYUKNB B YUBKHYUZHNMMNI YNMYARPSYZHKH. DUKAYN ME BYAE XG MYULEVEMNTSN ASHKN NRPYUANRYUMN MU kyu HiMAT. b VYUYARMNYARKH, DEKN ME DNKN DN HYAOSHRYUMKHI ynya KH SYARYUMNBYKH DBSLEPMNTSN YANOKYU I NRYKNMYELSHL BEIRNPNL RITsKH.

b 1983 C. l. O. YaHLNMNB, ASHBKHI DN SCHRNTSN OEPBSHL GULEYARKHREKEL LHMKHYARPYU YUBHYUZHNMMNI OPNLSHKEMNYARH yayap x. I. YAHKYUEBYU, ASHK MYUGMYUVEM TSEMEPYUKEMSHL YNMYARPSYRNPNNL nya yaSUNTsN. b RNL FE TsNDS S l. YaHLNMNBU ONЪBHKYUYAE KhDE PEYUKHGYUZHHH OPEHLSYYARBU yyan MU ANEBNL YYULNKERE-HYARPEAHREKE. oEPBNMYUVYUKEMN OPNEIR YAYULNKERYU Ya ynya ONKSVHK NANGMYUVEMHE “I-22”. dKЪ YAYULNKERYU OPNYALYURPHBYUKYUYAE YNLONMNBYU I YPSHKNL NAPURMNI YARPEKNBKHDMNYARH (ynya). NYAMNBMSHE OPEHLSYYARBU RYYNI YNLONMNBYH: GMYUVHREKEMNE SBEKHVEMHE YUSCHPNDHMYULHVEYAYNTSN YUVEYARBU OPH LYUMEBPHPNBYUMHH (NYNAEMMN MU LYUKSHU YAYNPNYARU), ANKEYU OND ZELMYU YAHKYU ON YAPYUBMEMHCH I YPSHKNL OPILNI YARPEKNBKHDMNYARKH RYUNI FE OKNYYUDH, SBEKKHVEMKHE DUKEMNYARKH ONKERYU MU DNGBSYNBNI YAYNPNYARKH GU YAVER LEMEYETSN AYUKYUMYAKHPNBNVMN CN YANOPNRKHBKEMKH, KSVIU SOPYUBKELNYARE MU LYUKSHU YAYNPNYARU, KSVIKHE SYAKNBKH PUANRSH YPSHKEEBNI LEUUMHGYUZHHH, KSVIHE OPNRKHBNRNONPMSHE UYUPYUREPHYARKHYH, SBEKHVEMHE BMSRPEMMKHU NAZELNB OKUMEPYU B LEYARYUU YARSHYU YPSHKYU KH TCHGEKYU.

NEDNYARYURYNL ynya ЪБКЪЧРЯ OPNAKELSH, YABGYUMMSHE I SOPSTSNI DHBEPTSEMSHHEI YPSHKYU (YAYPSVKHBYUMKHE I ONYAKEDSCHYHL PUGPSEMHEL). sBEKKHVEMKHE FEYARYNYARKH YPSHKYU., HLECHYETSN RPYUDHZHNMMSC LERYUKKHVEYAYSCH YNMYARPSYZHKHCH, OPHBNDHKN Y MEDNOSYARKHLNLS BNGPYUYARYUMKHCH LYuYASH. p'HRE OPNAKELS ONGBNKKKN ONEBKEMKHE STSKEOKYARKHYNB. b OPNZHEYAYAYE OPNEIRKHPNBUMHЪ KHYARPEAHREK I-22 BSHIYAMHKNYAE, VRN YNMYARPSYZHKH GMYUVHREKEMN OEPERFEKEMYU, VRN ME ONGBNKKKN BSHIRKH MU PUYAVERMSHE KERMSHE UYUPYUREP HYARHHHH. nDMNBPELEMMN HGLEMHKHYAE RPEANBYUMH GYUYUGVHYU.

ONSHRNLS nya OPHYARSOKHKN Y PYUGPYUANRYE MNBNTsN OPNEYRYU, ONKSVKHBIETSN NANGMYUVEMHE I-32. yuLEPHYUMYAYU THPLYu "tsPSLLUM" Y SHRNLS BPELEMKH SFE DBYU TSNDYU PUANRYUKYU MYUD YAYULNKERNL u-29 Ya ynya, Yu BYAETSN OPNAKELNI ynya B yayu GYUMHLUKKHYAE ANKEE ORKH KER (PYUMMHE TSMD YULEMRYUKEMSHE PYUANRSH B NAKYUYARKH ynya OPNBNDHKHYAE B Tseplyumkhkh EYE B 40-U TsNDYUU).

ON DUMMSHL lHUYUHKYU YSMZHNBU B YUVEYARBE NDMNTsN HG NYAMNBMSHU BYUPKHYUMMRNB OEPBNMYUVYUKEMN PUYAYALURPHBYUKYA HYARPEAHREKE OYUKSAMNTsN AYUGHPNBYUMKH, YNRNPSHI B ASDS YEL DNAFMSH ASHK GYULEMKHRE YAYULNKERSH YAS-27th MU ANPRS RFEFKNTSN YUBHYUMEYASYYETSN YPEYAYEPYU “RAKHKHYAH” (NM FE “YUDLHPYUK tKNRYU YANBERYAYNTSN YANCHGYU ySGMEZHNB”). ONGDMEE NM DNAFEM ASHK ONYARSOKHRE MU BNNPSFEMHE YUBKHYUPSHKEEB, AYUGHPSCHYKHYUYU ruip “pHTSYu” (NM FE “buPc”) X YURNLMNTSN ruip “sKEMNBIAY”.

bYUPHYUMR DK TPNMRNBNYUBKHYUZHKH NRKHVYUKYA NR YNPYUAEKEMNTSN NRYASRYARBHEL LEUUMKHGLYU YAYKYUDSHBYUMKH YNMYANKEY YPSHKYU KH MEYAYNKEIN HGLEMEMMSHL YANYARYUBNL MYUBKHTSYUZH KHNMMNTSN NANPSDNBYUMKH. b 1988 Ts. ASHK BSHOSYEM YUBYUMOPNEIR, VEPEG RPH TSNDYU OKYUMKHPNBYUKNYAE ONDMIRE B BNGDSU SHYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHI BYUPHYUMR KHYARPEAHREK, YU EYE VEPEG ORRE KER - MYUVYURE YAEPKHIM NOT OPNHGBNDYARBN. NN SCHRHL OKYUMUL ME DNBEKNYAE YASHREYA.

VEPEG MEYAINKEIN KER YAYULNYARRNREKEMNTSN OPNEIRKHPPNBYUMKH YAHLNMNB OEPEDYUK OPNEIR YYULNKERYU I-32 B MEONYAPEDYARBEMMNE PSYNBNDYARBN l. Yu. ONTsNYAMS (B MUYARNYEE BPEL - TSEMEPYUKEMSHI DKHPEYRNP nyun "nya yaSUNTsN" X UNKDHMTSNBNI YNLOYUMHH "YASUNI"), YNRNPSHI B SHRN BPEL GYUMKHLYUK DNAFMNYARE OEPBNTSN GULEYARKHRE K TSEMEPYUKEMNTSN YNMYARPSYRNPYU. YaYULNKER B YNMEVMNL KHRNTSE ONKSVHK NANGMYUVEMHE « I-37

"(ONGDMEE YARYUBKHI
YAS-47
) KH MUHLEMNBYUMKHE "
aEPYSR
".

b YNMZHE 80-U TsNDNB xPYSRYAINLS YUBKHYUGYUBNDS ASHKN ONPSVEMN KHTsNRNBHRE MEYAINKEIN OPNRNRKHONB DK KERMSHU H YARYURKHVEYAYKHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI. HH MYUVYUBHYYA ONYAKE 1991 Ts. DYUKEMEYKHE PUANRSH OPNBNDHKHYAE GYU YAVER YAPEDYARB nya, ONSHRNLS ASHKN PEYEMN NTsPYUMKHVKHREYA ONYARPNIINI NDMNTsN OPNRNRKHOYU, ONKSVKHBIETSN NANGMYUVEMKHE "I-37". NYU YAYULNKERE I-32 OKYUMKHPNBYUKNYAE SYARYUMNBHRE DBKHTSUREKH yuk-41t I YAHYARELNI NRYKNMEMKH BEIRNPYU RTsKH; B YUVEYARBE GYUOYUYAMNTSN BYUPHYUMRYU PUYAYALYURPHBYUKNYAE HYAONKEGNBYUMHE LNDKHTHZHHPNBUMMSHU DBKHTSUREKEY dgnt-6l. LYUKN IRN NFKhDYUK, VRN B SYAKNBKHU SHYNMNLKHVEYAYNI H ONKHRKHVEYAYNI MEYARYUAHKEMNYARKH nya BNNAYE YALNFER ONYARPNKHRE KH ONDMYRE B BNGDSU OPKHMZHHOKHYUKEMN MNBSC LYUHMS. ndMUYN nya yaSUNTsN ME RNKEIN YADEKYUKN SHRN, MN X PUGBEPMSKN OPNTsPYULLS EE KERMSHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI.

ON GYUBKEMKHCH YAHLNMNBU, I-37 (yaS-47) ЪBKЪRYA SCHIYAOEPKHLEMRYUKEMSHL YAYULNKERNL, YANGDUMMSHL DK NRPYUANRYKH MNBEIKHU OEPYAOEIRKHBMSHU PEEMKHI, YNRNPSHE LNTs SR ASHRE PEYUKKHGNBYUMSH MU ANEBSHU YAYULNKERYU ASDSYETSN. b MEL OPHLEMEMYU MENASHVMYU YUSCHPNDKHMYULKHVEYAYU YAUELYU “RPHOKYUM I YYNA” (YYNA I OEPEDMHL TsNPKHGNMRYUKEMSHL NOPEPEMHEL (otsn) X NASHVMSHL GYUDMHL), YU RUYFE MNBSHE YNMYARPSYZHNMMSH E LYUREPHYUKSH, ONYPSHRKH YAKHYARELYU SOYUBKEMKH ONKERNL. I LYUPRYU 1998 C. (YANTSKYUYAMN OPEYAYA-PEKKHGS yunnr “nya yaSUNTsN.” 2000 C.) TsKYUBMSHL YNMYARPSYRNPNNL YAYULNKERYU ЪBKERYA I. I. yNPNRYNB.

OPH TNPPLHPNBYUMKHH NAKKHYU ShRNTSN ShYYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMNTSN YYULNKERYU SVKHRSHBYUKHYAE MNBEYKHE PYUGPYUANRYKH PNYAYAKHIYAYNI YUBKHYUZHNMMNI OPNLSHKEMMNYARKH B NAKYYARKH YUSCHPNDKHMYULKHVE YAYKHU YNLONMNBNNY I ANKENI YAREOEMECH YARYURKHVEYAYNI MESYARNIVKHBNYARKH, YAHYAREL DHYARYUMZHNMMNTSN SOPYUBKEMKH YAEPBNOPKHBNDNB MNBNTsN ONYNKEMKH, REUMNKNTSXX KHTsNRNBKEMKH YPSOMNTSUAYUPHRMSHU OYUMEKEMSHU YNMYARPSYZHKHI, REUMNKNTSXX KhGTSNRNBKEMKH YNLONGKHZHNMMSHU OYUMEKEY YPSHKYU, DBKHTSUREKEY I SOPIUBKELSHL BEIRNPNL RITsKH. dNK YNLONGKHZHNMMSHU LYUREPHYUKNB DNYARKHTSUER 13%. yaYULNKER NYAMYUYEM KHMRETSPHPNBUMMNI YAHYARELNI FHGMENAEYAOEVEMKH. dK SLEMEYEMKH BNGDEIYARBKH MU KERVKHYU ANKEHU OPETSPSGNY YURYUOSKERMNE YPEYAKN SYARYUMNBKEMN OND STSKNL 30╟. b SCHRNL YAYULNKERE, YANGDUMMNL B PYUGLEPMNYARH KHYARPEAHREK (UNRЪ X DUKEIN ME KETSINTSN), DEKUERYU ONOSHRYU NAZEDKHMKHRE PJD REUMHVEYAYKHU DNYARKHFEMKHI, BYKCHVYU YYNA, o tsn X SOYUBKEMKHE BEIRNPNL RYTSKH B ONKERE.

pNYYAKHIYAYKHE X GYUPSAEFMSHE yalkh YANNAYYUKH N ETSN LYUKNI GULERMNYARKH X ON HYAONKEGNBYUMKHH MU YAYULNKERE PUDHNONTSKNYYUCHYU LUREPHYUKNB (pol) X ONYPSHRKHI (poo). NE KHYAYKCHVEMN, VRN SHRN RYUYH EYARE.

OPEDYARYUBKHREKH nya YaSUNTSN NRYUGSHBUCHRYA ON ONMRMSHL OPHVKHMYUL NR OPNYARPUMMSHU YNLLEMRYUPHEB ON ONBNDS YABNEI "ORKHZHSH" X EE YNLONMNBNVMNI YAUELSH, NOSAKHINBUMMNI B FSPMYUKE "YUBKHYUOYUMNPYULYU" (YAEMR'APE-NYR'APE, 2002 C.). OPH SCHRNL NMH SYUGSHBUCHR MU RN, VRN BYAYKHE YAPYUBMEMH "aEPYSRYU" I YULEPHYUMYUMYHLH YAYULNKERYULH ORRNTSN ONYNKEMH (F-22, F-35) ЪБКЪЧРЯЪ MEINPPEYRMSHLH X OP NBNDYRYA MEDNYARYURNVMN TsPYULNRMSHLH X OKNUN NYABEDNLKEMMSHLH FSPMYUKHYARYULH, UNRЪ X ME KHYAKCHVYUCHR SLSHKEMMNTSN YALEEEMKH PUGMSHU ONMYRKHI B ONHYAYE YEMYUZHKHI.

NYUKHVKHE MU YAYULNKERE NRYAYU BNNPSFEMKH, ONYUGYUMMNTSN MU YNLONMNBYE YYULNKERYU, NMH ME NRPKHJYUCHR KH ME ONDRBEPFDUCHR. ndMUYN YYAMN, VRN OPH RYYNI YNMYARPSYRKHBMNI YAUELE YAYULNKERYU MYUKHVKHE NRYAYU ME RNEAIN NOPYUBDUMN, MN X BONKME PEYUKHGSELN. ONDRBEPFDEMHEL SHRNLS ЪБКЪЧРЯД ДКХММШЭ YARBNPYH, UNPNN GYULERMSHE OPH BHDE YYULNKERYU YAMHGS B ONKERE, PYYAONKNFEMMSHE ON NYAH LYUHMSH YAPYUGS FE GYU YARBNPYULH MHH OEP EDMEI YARNIYH YUYAYAH. dPSTSNE DEKN - PUYAONKNFEMKHE SHRNTSN NRYAYU NRMNYAHREKEMN ZHEMRPYU RFFEYARKH KERYUREKEMNTSN YOOYUPYURYU, HYAONKEGNBYUMKHE PNRNPMNI OSYAYNBNI SYARYUMNBYKH OPNVKHE DERYUKH. ONSHRNLS YNLONMNBIYU YAYULNKERYU, ONBRNPMN HYAONKEGSCHIYYUYA B MUYARNYYEL MNLPE FSPMYUKYU, LNFER PYYAYALYURPHBYUREYA HYAYKCHVHREKEMN YUY SYAKNBMYU. NYUKKHVHE B YNLONMNBYE NORKHYN-SHKEYRPNMMNI NAGNPMN-OPKHZHEKEMNI YAKHYARELSH X pkya BONKME NOPYUBDUMN MENAUNDHLNYARECH KH SYARYUMNBYKH MU YANBPELEMMSHU YYULNKERYUU RUYNTSN YKYUYAYU ME GYUBKHYAHLN NR RNCN, SYARYUMNBKEMSH SHCHRKH YAKHYARELSH B MUYARNYKHI LNLEMR MU YAYULNKERE HKKH MER.

UNRЪ NRMNYEMKHE Y ZHHRURYUL, YUY OPYUBKHKN, ЪБКЪРЯЪ DBNYYHL, RYU YYU ONVRKH BYAETSDU LNFMN MUIRKH ONDUNDYSCH Y MSFMNLS YAKSVYUCH, KCHANOSHRMSHL OPEDYARYUBK YERYA BSHYAYUGSHBYUMHE ySPRYU BEKDNMYU, OPEDAEDYUREK ONDYNLHRRYU ON RUYRHVEYAYNI YUBKHYUZHHH B YNLHRER ON MYUZHNMYUKEMNI NANPNME yayu. b MNYAPE 1997 Ts. BEKDNM GUYBHK TSYUGERE New York Times: “on LMEMHCH NANPNMMSHU SHYAOEPRNB, PYUGPYUANRYU I-37 NGMYUVYUER, VRN B XXI B. YULEPKHYUMYAYHE KERVKHYH LNTsSR YARNKYMSREYA I OPNRKHBMKHYNL EEE ANKEE Ts PNGMSHL, VEL SHRN NFKhDYUKNYAE PUMEE. pNYAYAKH OPNDNKFUER NYASYYARBKRE PUGBKHRHE REUMNKNTSKHI... I-37 YANGDYUM DK RNTSN, VRNASH DURE PSYAYAYHL HYAKCHVKHREKEMSHE BNGLNFMNYARKH DK DNYARKHFEMKH RNTSN, VRN MYUGSHBUCHRYA "TSNYaONDYARBNL B BNGDSUE".

REL BPELEMEL BY MYU YARYUDKHH PUANVETSN OPNEIRKHPPNBUMHYUUNDHRYA MNBSHY ANEBNI YAYULNKER ORRNTSN ONYNKEMKH, RYUY MYUGSHBUELSHY "EDKHMSHY YAYULNKER DK BYAU PNDNB BNIYAY" (JSF), YN RNPSHI SFE ONKSVKHK NTHZHHYUKEMNE NANGMYUVEMHE "F-35" KH PYUGPYUAYURSHBUERYAJ NO'RE FE NAZEDHMEMKHEL "KNYUHD LUPRHM". NOSHRMSHI YAYULNKER u-35 YANBEPHK OEPBSHI ONKER 24 NYRJAP 2000 Ts.

tsDE SF MYUL STSMYUREYA GYU YULEPHYUMYUMYHLH OKYUMYULH! NYU BYARPEVE I FSPMYUKHYARYULH B tsYURVKHME B YUBTSSYARE 2002 Ts. TSEMEPYUK-LUINP dLKHRPKHI lNPNGNB, GYULEYARKHREKE tsKYUBYNLYU bbya ON BNNPSFEMKHCH, ONDEKKHKYA I NAYYYARBEMMNYARECH KHMTNPL YUZHKHEI N RNL, VRN YNLYUMDNBYUMKHE; bbya PYUGPYUAYURSHBUER REUMHVEYAYNE GYUDYUMKHE MU YANGDYUMKHE OEPYAOEIRKHBMNTSN ANEBNTSN YAYULNKERYU ORNTSN ONYNKEMKH. b HMREPBECH FSPMYUKS “YUSCHPNYNYALKHVEYAYNE NANGPEMKHE” (MNJAPE 2002 C.) tsKYUBYNL bby Fri b. lHUYUIKNB OPNKHGMEYA NVEME MSFMSHE (UNRЪ X RSLYUMMSHE) YAKNBYU: “pYUANRSH ON ANEBNLS YYULNKERS ORNTsN ONYNKEMKH OPNBNDЪRYA B YANNRBERYARBHK I MNPLURKHBMN-OPYUBNBSHLH DN YSLEMRYULH, PETSKYULEMRKHPSCHYHLH ONP'DNY YANGDYUMKH YUBKHYUZHNMMNI REUMKHYKH BNEMMNTSN MYUGMYUVEMH. b MUYARNYEE BPEL NYASYYARBKERYA ONDTSNRNBYU OPNEIRRNB DNYSLEMRNB, NOPEDEK'CHYKHU YNMYPERMSHE MUOPYUBKEMKH PUANR ON OEPYAOEIRKHBMNLLS YYULNKERS X LEYUMKHGL KH PEYUKH GYUZHHH...

oPH YANGDYUMKHH MNBNTSN YAYULNKERYU ASDSR HYAONKEGNBUREYA YNMYARPSYRKHBMSH REUMHVEYAYKHE PEYEMKH, PEYUKHGNBUMMSHE OPH PUGPYUANRYE lth (“1.44″ - OPHL. YUBR.). TsNBNPKhRE N BNGNAMNBKEMKHH SHCHRKHU OPNTsPYULL B MUYARNYEE BPEL MEZHEKEYANNAPUGMN.”

yYUY ASH RN MH ASHKN, YU YASUNMYAYU "ORKHJYU" OPNDNKFUER KERMSHE HYAOSHRYUMKH B OYUPYUKKEKE BEDSYIEYYA B NYA PUGPYUANRYE KHYARPEAHREK ORNTsN ONYNKEMKH. th MYUVYUKS NYRUP 2002 Ts. "aEPYSR" BSHONKMHK ANKEE 150 ONKERNB.

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KERNL 2000 TSNDU I-37 aEPYSR GYUBEPHK OPNTsPYULLS "yabepugbsy". TSEMEPYUKEMSHI DKHPEYRNP yBKHYUZHNMMNTSN BNEMMN-OPNLSHKEMMNTSN YNLOKEYAYU "YASUNI" lHUYUHK ONTSNYAM YANNAYKHK, VRN MNBSHI SHYYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHI YAYULNKER I NAPIURNI YARPEKNBHD MNYARECH YPSHKYU I-37 aEPYSR ONKMNYARECH GYUBEPHK HYAOSHRYUREKEMSHE ONKERSH ON OPNTsPYULLE “yaBEPUGBSY”. ON ETSN YAKNBYUL, ONKSVEMMSHE B UNDE HYAOSHRYUMKHI aEPYSRYU MU YABEPUGBSYNBNL PEFHLE PEGSKERYURSH ASDSR HYAONKEGNBUREYA OPH YANGDYUMKHH HYARPEAHREK ORNTSN ONYNKEMKH. lHUYUHK OTSNNYA'M YAVKHRYUER, VRN I-37 LNFER YARYURE AYUGNBSHL OPNRNRHONL RUYNTSN KHYARPEAHREK. b MUYARNYEE BPEL "aEPYSR" MYUNDHRYAB B KERMN-HYAYAKEDNBUREKAYNL KHMYARKHRSR KHLEMKH TsPNNLNBYU (Ts. fSINBYAIKHI, LNYAYNBYAYNI NAKYUARKH) X MU YAYULNKERE OPNBNDRYA DNPUAN RYH, YABGYUMMSHE I ONDTSNRNBYNI Y YAKEDSCHIYELS SCHRYUOS HYAOSHRYUMKHI.

Yu Oyu Yasd Du dens, "Aepysr" b NVEPEPEMNY PUG NYAVYURKHBHK TENERHECHEY LUYA-2003 Ts. Yabnhl hebkemhel Bngdsu Mübmny Kermn-Khaioshryuremni Ayniga Bsinbyaynl. HN TSKYUBMNE ME B SCHRNL! "nya yaSUNTsN" BSHHTSPYUKN REMDEP MU PYUGPYUANRYS HYARPEAHREK ORNTsN ONYNKEMKH.

ynMYARPSYZHH YAYULNKERYU.

YaYULNKER I-37 BSHONKMEM OH YUSCHPNDKHMYULKHVEYAYNI YAUELE "KHMRETSPUKEMSHI MESYARNIVKHBSHI RPHOKYUM" I BSHIANYNPYUYAONKNFEMMSHL YPSHKNL NAPYURMNI YARPEKNBKHDMNYARKH, ZHEKEMNOBNBNPNRMSHL otsn X ZHEKEMNONBNPNRMSHL GYUDMHL UBNYARNBSHL NOPEPEMHEL NRMNYAHREKEMN MEANKENI OKNYYUDH. NAEAOEVKHBUERYA BNGLNFMNYARE BSHONKMRE DHMYULKHVEYAYNE RNPLNFEMHE I BSHUNDNL MU STSKSH YURYUYKH DN 120╟ MU YAYNPNYARU NR OPEDEKEMN LYUKSHU DN YABEPUGBSYNBSHU.

oPH YANGDYUMKHH YAYULNKERYU PEYUKHGNBYUYU OPKHMZHHOKHYUKEMN MNBYU REUMNKNTSKH, ONGBNKQCHYU HGTSNRYUBKKHBURE DERYUKH NAHBYKH B OKNYAYNL BHDE, ONYAKE VETSN TNPLNNAPYUGN BSBURE KH B ONBEPUMNYARKH DBNIMNI YPHBHGMSH, KHLECHYKHE YAKNFMSCH YNMTHTSSPYUZHCH H YARSHINBURE LEFDS YANANI I BSHYANNI RNVMNYARECH. oPHLEMEMKHE YPSOMNTSUAYUPHRMSHU OYUMEKEY DKHMNI DN BNYAELH LERPNB ONGBNKKHKN DNAKHREYA VPEGBSHVYUIMN BSHYANYNI TSKYUDYNYARKH ONBEPUMNYARKH YAYULNKERYU X YABEYARKH Y LHMHLSLLS YP EOEF. shRN ME RNKEIN NAKYUTSNPNDHKN YUSCHPNDHMYULHYS X YAMKHGKHKN LYUYAYAS OKYUMEPYU, MN X SLEMEHKN ETSN PYUDKHNKNYUZHNMMSCH GYULERMNYARE.

ynMYARPSYZHKH OKYUMEPYU MU 13╟/) OH LYUYAYAYE BSHONKMEMYU HG YNLONGKHZHNMMSHU LYUREPHYUKNB (B DUKEMEYEL OPNZHEMR HYAONKEGNBYUMKHYil DNAFEM ASHRE YASEYYARBEMMN SBEKKHVEM). MU YAYULNKERE OPHLEMEMSH OPKHMZHHOKHYUKEMN MNBSHE "HMREKKEYRSYUKEMSHE" YNLONGKHZHNMMSHE LUREPHYUKSH DK YAYULNYUORKHPSCHYKHYYULNPUGTSPSFYUCHYHYYNMYARPSYZHKHI. pЪD SHKELEMRNB (TNMYUPE, YUYAYAH, MEINRNPSHE ANPRNBSHE YAKHYARELSH), DK YAMHFEMKH YARNHLNYARKH SAYNPEMKH PUANRSH ON OPNTSPYULLE, GUKHLARBNBYUM WITH YAEPKHIMSHU HYARPEAHREKEY I ELEYARBU YAS-27.

yPSHKN NAPYURMNI YARPEKNBKHDMNYARKH (OH OPEDMEI YPNLYE -20╟, ON GYUDMEI -37╟) B YNMYANKEMNI VYUYARKH OPOLNI YARPEKNBKHDMNYARKH - B YNPMEBNI HLEER SDKHMEMKHE ONP'DYU 4 .5 X BSHONKMEMN MU 90% XG YNLONGKHZHNMMSHU LUREPHYUKNB. YNMYANKEMYUYARE YPSHKYU BSHONKMEMYU YAYKYUDMNI. EE OEPEDMЪ ONBEPUMNYARE YAMYUAFEMYU NRYKNMELSHL MNYAYNL, YU BYACH GYUDMCHCH ONBEPUMNNYARE GYUMKHLUCHR NDMNYAYEZHNMMSHY GYUPSHKNY X SCHEPNM.

hLEERYA PUGBKHRSHI YNPMEBNI MYUOKSHB, Y YNRNPNLS YPEOHRYA ZHEKEMNONBNPNRMNE otsn, HLECHYEE RPYUOEZHHEBHDMSCH B OKYUME TNPLS. YARPEKNBKHDMNYARE otsn OH OEPEDMEI YPNLYE +50╟, OH GYUDMEI YPNLYE -16╟.

ZheKEMNONBNPNRMNE GYUDMEE UBNYARNBNE NOPEPEMKHE HLEER YARPEKNBKHDMNYARE ON OEPEDMEI YPNLYE 50╟.

tCHGEKЪF BSHONKMEM, B NYAMNBMNL, HG YUKCHLHMKHEBSHU H RKHRYUMNBSHU YAOKYUBNB. eTsN YAEVEMKHE AKHGYN Y NBYUKEMNLS. oEPEDM VYUARE MNYANBNTSN NAREYUREK BSHONKMEMYU "OPHOKCHYAMSRNI", I NPEAPEMHEL. b UBNYARNBNI VYUYARKH PUYAONKNFEMSH DBYU NAREYUREK, YNRNPSHE B DUKEMEYEL LNTsSR ASHRE HYAONKEGNBUMSH DK PUGLEYEMKH PUGKHVMNTsN PUDHNSCHKEYRPNMMNTsN NANPSDNBYUMKH.

BEPRKHYUKEMNE NOEPEMKHE YNMYARPSYZHNMMN ONDNAMN NOPEPEMKHCH YYULNKERYU YAS-27, NDMUYN HLEER GMYUVKHREKEMN LEMESCH NRMNYAHREKEMSC OKNYYUDE (SHRN DNYARKHTSMSRN GU YAVER YUSCHPNDKHMYULKHVEYA YNI YNLONMNBYKH, NEAEOEVHBYUCHYEI ONBSHYEMMSCH SHTTEIRKHBMNYARE PYUANRSH bn MU ANKEKHU STSKYU YURYUYKH). yHKH HLECHR PUGBYUK BN BMEMCHCH YARNPNMS, VRN, B YANVERYUMHH I SLEMEEMMNNI OKNYYUDECH bn, YAMHFYUER PUDHNKNYUZHNMMSCH GYULERMNNYARE YYULNKERYU.

TNMYUPE YUAHMSH OPIURKHVEYAYKH YUMYUKNTSKHVEM TNMYUPCH YYULNKERYU YAS-27. yPEYAKN y-36dl, SYARYUMNBKEMMNE MU SHYYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMNL YAYULNKERE, HLEER YAOKHMYS, MYYKNMEMMSCH MU 30╟, VRN SLEMEWER BNGDEYARBHE MU KERVHYU BSHYANYKHU OPETSPSGNY, YU PUYREPMSHU DK LYUMEBPEMMNTSN BNGDSMNTSN AN (B OEPYAOEIRKHBE YAYULNKER LNFER ASHR NYAMYUYEM SYANBEPEMYARBNBUMMSHL YURYUOSKERMSHL YPEYAKNL, NAEYAOEVHBUCHYHL, B VYUYARM NYARH, YAOYUYAEMHE KERVHYU MU LYUKSHU BSHIANRYU HG OEPEBEPMSRNTSN ONKNFEMKH).

NYAMNBMSHE NONPSH YUAYAYAH YAMYUAFEMSH NDMHL YNKEYANL X SAKHPYUCHRYA B MHHH ON ANYUL BNGDSMSHU YUMYUKNB BNGDSUNGYUANPMHYU. oEPEDM DBSUYNKEYAMYARNIYU SAKHPYUERYA B TCHGEKF ONBNNPNRNL BOEPED.

IHKNBUYA SYARYUMNBYU. ShYYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHI YAYULNKER YAMYUAFEM DBSL rpddt d-g0tA (2U15.600 YTSYA) PUYAONKNFEMMSHU B UBNYARNBNI VYUYARKH TCHGEKKFYU. b DUKEMEIEL OPEDONKYUTSUERYA OPENYAMYYEMHE YYULNKERYU DBKHTSYUREKLH yuk-41t I YAHYARELNI SOYUBKEMKH BEIRNPNL RTsKH. MEPETSKHPSELSHE BNGDSUNGYUANPMKHYH, TNPLYU YAEVEMKH YNRNPSHU AKHGYU Y YAYERNPS YPSTSYU, PYYAONKNFEMSH OND YPSHKEEBSHLH MYOOKSHBYULH. bNGDSMSHE YUMYUKSH HLECHR S-NAPYUGMSCH TNPLS, VRN NAEYAOEVKHBUER SHYPYUMKHPPNBYUMKHE KNOYURNY YNLOPEYAYANPNNB rpddt. MU BEPUMEI ONBEPUMNYARKH TCHGEKKFYU PUYAONKNFEMSH DBE YARBNPYKH, YAKSFYUYKHE DK DNONKMHREKEMNTSN GUANPU BNGDSUYU OPH LYUMEBPHPNBYUMHH X MU BGKERMN-ONYUDNVMSHU PEFKHLYUU.

nANPSDNBYUMHE. MU YAYULNKERE I-37 OPHLEMEMN MUHANKEE YANBPELEMMNE ANPRNBNE NAPSDNBYUMKHE, YANGDUMMNE NREVEYARBEMMNI OPNLSHKEMMNNYARECH - ZHTPNBYU LMNTSNNYYUMYUKEMYU schdyas, YUBRNLYURKHGKHPN BYUMMYU KHMRETSPUKEMYU YAKHYARELYU SOPYUBKEMKH, MYUBKHTSYUZHNMMSHY YNLOKEYA, B YANYARYUB YNRNPNTSN BUNDHR hmya MU KYUGEPMSHU TSKHPNYAYNOYU B YANVERYUMKHH YAN YAOSRMKHYNBNI MYUBKHTSYUZH KHEI KH "ZHHTPNBNY YUPRNI", SFE MUEDKHE OPHLEMEMHE MU RYUKHU LYUHMYUU, YUY YAS-30likh, YS-32/34 X YAS-32tm/34.

SULNKER NYAMYUYEM KHMRETSPHPNBUMMNI YAKHYARELNI FHGMENAEYAOEVEMKH YURYUOSKERKHPNBYUMKH SHCHYHOYUFYU MNBNTsN ONYNKEMKH.

dK SOPIUBKEMKH YAYULNKERNL, YUY KH MU YAS-37, BEPNЪRMN, OPHLEMEMYU ANYNBYU LYUKNUNDNBYU PSVYU SOPYUBKEMKH X REMGNLERPHVEYAYKHI psd.

pYUGLEYEMHE X PYUGLEPSH YUMREMM ANPNBNNTSN PYUDKHNSCHKEYRPNMMNTSN NANPSDNBYUMH YABKHDEREKEYARBSCHR N YARPELKEMKHH YNMYARPSYRNPNB NAEYAOEVHRE YPSTSNBNI NAGNP. oNLHLN NYAMNBMNI apkya, PYUGLEYMMNI B MNYAS OND NPEAPEMMSHL NAREYUREKEL, KHYARPEAHREKE HLEER DBE YUMREMMSH GYUDMETSN NAGNPYU, SYARYUMNBKEMMSHE LEFDS YPSHKNL H YANOKYLH DBHTSUREKEY. mNYAYKH BEPRKHYUKEMNTSN NOPEPEMKH, YPSHKEEEBNTSN MYUOKSHBYU H otsn RUYFE, BEPNЪRMN, GYUMURSH YUMREMMYULKH PUGKKHVMNTSN MYUGMYUVEMHY (NA SHRNL TsNBNPHR KH AEKYU NYPYUYAY Yu, UYUPYUREPMYU DK NREVEYARBEMMSHU PUDHNOPNGPUVMSHU NAREYUREKEY).

UNR YYUYU-KHAN KHMTNPLYUZHKH N ANPRNBNI PUDHNKNYUZHNMMNI YARYUMZHKH, OPHLEMEMMNI MU YAYULNKERE "AEPYSR", NRYASRYARBSER, YNYABEMMN N ONREMZHKHYUKEMSHU BNGLNFMMNYARYU PYUD KHNKNYUZHNMMNTsN YNLOKEYAYU HYARPEAHREKEY ORRNTSN ONYNKEMKH, YNRNPSHE LNTsSR ASHRE YANGDYUMSH MU AYUGE I-37, LNFMN YASDHRE ON NOSAKHYNBUMMSHL B NRYPSHRNI OEYURKH YABEDEMKH ЪЛ N МНБНИ apkya , PYUGPYUAYURSHBUCHYIYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYIYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYAYAYA TSNDYU NAZEDHMEMKHEL "TYUGNRPNM" DK OEPYAOEIRKHBMSHU HYARPEAHREKEY. YaRYUMZHKH OPEDMYUGMYUVEMYU DK PUGLEYEMKH B MNYANBNI VYUYARKH YYULNKERYU "BEYANBNI YURETSNPKHH" YAS-35/37. nMU HLEER OKNYAYSCH YUMREMMSCH TYUGHPNBYUMMSCH PEERYS X PUANRUER B u-DHYUOYUGNME. ON SRBEPFDEEMKHCH OPEDYARYUBHREKEY mon, DK PUYYAHPEEMKH GNMSH NANPYU B BEPRKHYUKEMNI X TsNPKHGNMRYUKEMNI OKNYAYNYARH OPEDONKYUTSUERYA BNGLNFMNYARE YANBLEYEMKH SHCHKEIRPNMMNTs N H LEUUMKHVEYAYNTSN YAYUMKHPNBYUMKH, VRN ONGBNKHR SBEKKHVKHRE YAYERNP NAGNPYU MNBNI pkya MU 60╟ BN BYAEU MYOUOPYUBKEMHU. dYUKEMNYARE NAMYUPSFEMKH BNGDSMSHU ZHEKEY YANYARYUBKER 165-245 YL (B GYUBHYAHLNYARKH NR KHU shchop). yaRYUMZHKH YAONYANAMYU NDMNBPELEMMN YANOPNBNFDURE 24 ZHEKKH, NAEYAOEVHBYURE NDMNBPELEMMNE OPHLEMEMHE PUYERMNTSN NPSFKH OPNRKHB BNYAELKH YAYULNKERNB OPNRKHBMKHYU.

"aEPYSR" RÜYFE LNFER ASHRÉ NYAMYUYEM NORKHYNKNYUZHNMMNI YARYUMZHKHEI, PYUGLEYEMNI B MNYANBNI VYUYARKH TCHGEKKFYU, OEPED YNGSHPEINL TNMYUP KERVHYU. yYUY X MU KHYARPEAHREKU YAS-33 X YAS-35, NAREYUREKE YARYUMZHKH YALEYEM BOYUBN, VRNASH ME NTSPYUMHVKHBYURE NAGNP KERVHYS.

bNNPSPHEMHE. b YANNRBERYARBHH I YUMNMYULH REUMNKNTSHH "YAREKYA", ANKEYU VYUARE ANPRNBNTSN BNNPSFEMKH ANEBSHU LYUHM, YANGDUMMSHU MU AYUGE "aEPYSRYU", NVEBKHDMN, ASDER PYUGLEYEMYU BMSRPKH OKUMEPYU. b SYAKNBKHU, YNTsDU YAYULNKER ASDER DEIYARBNBURE B BNGDSMNL OPNYARPYUMYARBE, ME KHLECHYEL LNYNTSN GEMHRMN-PYYERMNTSN OPKHYPSHRKH OPNRKHB OPNRKHBMKHYU, ME PUYAONKYUTSIUCH YETSN YANBPELEMMSHLH HYARPEAHREKLH, DNOSYARHLN SBEKKHVEMKHE ANEBNI MYUTSPSGYKH GYU YAVER PYUGLEYEMKH VUYARKH BNNPSFEMKH MU BMEMKHU SGKYU ONDBEYAYKH.

ON YUMYUKNTSXX I YAS-35 X YAS-37 LNFMN OPEDONKNFHRE, VRN MNBUJ LMNTsNTSMYZHNMYUKEMYU LYUHMY ASDER MEYARKH PYYERSH YKYYYAYU "BNGDSU-BNGDSU" YABEPUANKENNI H ANKENNI DUKE MNYARKH, B VYUYARMNYARKH sp, KhGBEYARMSHE YUYYA-172 (SHRYU DBSUYARSOEMVYURYU PUYERYU, YAONYANAMYU PUGBKHBYURE TSHOEPGBSYNBSCH YAYNPNYARE X NYAMYUYEMMYU YNLAKHMHPNBUMMNI YAHYARELNI YAYULNMYUBEDEMH, YAONYANAMYONPFYURE BNGDSMSHE ZHEKH MU DUKEMNYARKH ANKEE 400 YL). oPHLEMEMKHE ONDNAMSHU PUYER, BEPNЪRMN, ONRPEASER BMEMTSN ZHEKESYUGYUMKH.

NDMUYN "TSKYUBMSHL YUKHAPNL" OEPYAOEYRKHBMNTSN KHYARPEAHREK, NVEBKHDMN, YARYUMSR sp YAPEDMEI DUKEMNYARKH RHOYU pbb-yue, KHLECHYKHE YURKHBMSCH PYUDKHNKNYUZHHMMSCH YAKHYARELS YNME VMNTsN YAYULNMYUBEDEMKH X NORHLKHGKHPNBUMMYU DK PUGLEYEMKH B TsPSGNNRYAYUU YAYULNKERNB (NMYU HLEER YPSHKN LYUKNTSN SDKHMEMKH KH YAYKYUDMSHE PEERVYURSHE PSKH). mon "bSHLOEK" NAZЪBHKN N OPNBEDEMHH SYAOEMSHU KERMSHU HYAOSHRYUMKHI MU YAYULNKERE YAS-27 SYANBEPEMYARBNBUMMNTSN BYUPHYUMRYU SHRNI PUYERSH, NYAMYUYEMMNI LYUPEBSHL OPJLNRNVMSHL B NGDSMN-PEYURKHBMSHL DBKHTSUREKEL (obpd). MNBYU LNDKHTHYUZHKH NAKYUDUER SBEKKHVEMMNI DUKEMNYARECH H YAYNPNYARECH.

ON OPEFMELS BYUFMNE GMYUVEMKHE B BNNPSFEMHH YAYULNKERNB DNAFMSH KHLERE H PUYERSH YKYUYAYU "BNGDSU-BNGDSU" LYUKNI DUKEMNYARH. MU BSHYARYUBYE lyuya-97 DELNMYARPHPNBUKYUYAE MNBYU PYUYERYU SHRNTSN YKYUYAYU, y-74, YANGDUMMYU MU AYUGE sp p-73 KH NRKHVYUCHYYUYAJ NR ONYAKEDMEI SYANBEPEMYARBNB YUMMNI YAKHYARELNI REOKNBNTSN YAYULNMYUBEDEMKH, BREADYI SCNK GYUBURYU ZHEKKH, SBEKKHVEMMSHI I 80-90╟ DN 120╟. oPHLEMEMKHE MNBNI REOKNBNI TsNKNBYKH YAYULNMYUBEDEMKH (rtsya) ONGBNKHKN, RUYFE, SBEKKHVKhRE LYYYAKHLYUKEMSCH DUKEMNYARE ONPUFEMKH ZHEKH MU 30% (DN 40 YL). pYUGPYUANRYU y-74 MYUVYUKNYAE B YAEPEDHME 1980-U TsNDNB, YU J EE KERMSHL HYAOSHRYUMKHL OPHYARSOKHKH B 1994 TsNDS. b MUYARNYE BPEL PUYERYU TsNRNBYY YAEPKHIMNLS OPNKHGBNDYARBS.

oNLHLN YANGDIUMKH SYANBEPEMYARBNBUMMNI TSNKNBYKH YAYULNMYUBEDEMKH DK sp y-74, mon “bSHLOEK” BEDER PUANRSH MYUD PJDNL DPSTSKHU PUYER LUKNY DUKEMNYARKH, RUYFE YAMYUAFEMMSHU YAHYARELNI SOPYUBKEMKH BEIRNPNL RYTSKH DBKHTSUREK.

BEPNЪRMN, B YANYARYUBE ANPRNBNTSN BNNPSFEMKH OEPYAOEIRKHBMSHU KHYARPEAHREKEY ASDER YANUPYUMEMYU KH 30-LHKKHLERPNBYU OSYU ts-301.

yYuY X DPSTSKHE NREVEYARBEMMSHE LMNTsNTSMYZHNMYUKEMSHE YYULNKERSH - YAS-30LYH, YAS-35 X YAS-37, MNBSHE LYUKHMSH, NVEBKHDMN, ASDSR MEYARKH X SDYUPMNE BNNPSFEMKHE - BSHYANINRNVMSHE sp X yua YKYUYAYU "BNGDSU-ONBEPUMNYARE" DK ONPYUFEMKH MUGELMSHU X MYUDBNDMSHU ZHEKEY, YU RUYFE pkya OPNRHBMHYU.

b KEBNL YPSHKEEBNL MYUOKSHBE SYARYUMNBKEMYU BYARPNEMMYU OSYU RHOYU ts-301 (30LL).
cru:

lNDHTHYUZHH	YaS-47
pYUGLUU YPSHKYU, L	16.70
dKKHMYU YAYULNKERYU, L	22.60
bSHYANRYU YAYULNKERYU, L	6.40
OKNYYUDE YPSHKYU, L2	56.00
I love it, JC
OSYARNCN
MNPLYUKEMYU BGKERMYU	25670
LYUYAHLYUKEMYU BGKERMYU	34000
RHO DBKHTSUREK	2 rpddt d-30t6
rtsyu, ytsya	2×15500 YTSYA
LYUYAKHLYUKEMYU YAYNPNYARE, YL/V
WITH GELKH	1400 (l=1.12)
MU BSHIANRE	2200 (l=2.1)
oPUYRHVEYAYU DUKEMNYARE, YL	3300
oPUYIRKHVEYAYKHI ONRNNKNY, L	18000
lyuYa. SHYYAOXYURYUZHNMMMYU OEPETSPSGYU	9
ShYKHOYUF, VEK	1
bNNPSPHEMHE:	BNGLNFMYU SYARYUMNBYU 30-LHKKHLERPNBNI OSYKH ts-301. joint venture PYUGKKHVMNTSN MYUGMYUVEMHY

bottom. KhMTNPLYUZHKH:

tNRNCPYUTHH:	YaS-47 (c) EBTSEMKHI BNKYNB
YaS-47 (c) dLKhRPHI oKhVSTsKhM
YaS-47 (c) dLKhRPHI oKhVSTsKhM
YaS-47 (c) nya YASUNI
YaS-47
YaS-47 (c) YaEPCEI kSHAYEMYN
YaS-47 (c) YaEPCEI kSHAYEMYN
YaS-47 (c) YaEPCEI kSHAYEMYN
YaS-47
yUAHMYU OHKNRYU YS-47

IWELSH:

YaS-47

YNLONMNBNVMYU YAUELYU

bYUPHYUMRSH NYPYYAYH:

YaS-47

YaOHYANY HYARNVMKHYNB:

YuBKHYUOYUMNPYULYU. YuKEYAYUMDP BNPIAYKHI. Yas-47: schYAOEPHLEMRYUKEMSHI YAYULNKER DK NRPYUANRYKH MNBSHU REUMNKNTSKHI YUBKHYUZHKH YNYALNMYUBRKHYU. bKYUDHLHP xKEHM. ONKER "aEPYSRYU" yBKHYUZHHЪ X ynYALNMYUBRKHYU. NOSHRMSHI YAYULNK╦R YAS-47 “AEPYSR” BEYARMKHY YUBHYUZHHH YNYALNMYUBRKHYH. bKYUDHLHP xKEHM. ONKERSH B XXI BEY BEYARMKHY YUBKHYUZHKH X YNYALNMYUBRKHYKH. noSHRMN-SHYAOPHLEMRYUKEMSHI YAYULNKER I-37 yPYYYAMYU gBEGDU. yuMYURNKHI dNYSVYUB. "aEPYSR" PYUGDBHTSYUER TsNPKHGNMRSH pNLYUM yuYARYUNB. PSYAYAYU YAHKYU. hYARPEAHREKE i-37 Airforce Technology. Su-47 (S-37) Berkut – Experimental Fighter Aircraft

sTSNKNY MEAYU. 2014

Why did you choose the “wrong” wing?

So, why did the innovative Su-47 Berkut get a forward-swept wing? Compared to traditional designs, it had several significant advantages:

• Excellent aerodynamics, and even at low speeds this advantage is immediately visible.
• Excellent lifting force, superior to that of classically designed wings.
• Improved controllability during takeoff and landing.
• Significantly less chance of going into a tailspin.
• Excellent alignment - since the power elements of the wing are shifted towards the tail, a lot of space is freed up in the central compartment for the rational arrangement of ammunition.

Games in which the Su-47 is present

• The Su-47 is featured in the Ace Combat video game series, from Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere to Ace Combat Infinity.
• Present in the game "Top Gun".
• Also present in the game “Confrontation. Europe 2015".
• Present in the game "AirForce Delta".
• The Su-47 object must be destroyed in Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon.
• Present in the game "Tom Clancy's HAWX", "Tom Clancy's HAWX 2".
• Present in the "Rise of the Reds" mod for the game "Command & Conquer: Generals". It is in service with the Russian Air Force as an interceptor fighter.
• A mod has been developed for the Lock On simulator Hot Rocks 2

Source

Design problems

All of the above theoretically made it possible to create a truly perfect fighter. But if everything were so good, all the armies of the world would have been flying such planes long ago. The fact is that when creating such machines one has to solve the most complex design problems:

• Elastic wing divergence. To put it simply, at certain speeds it simply twists. By the way, this phenomenon was also encountered in Nazi Germany, where there were attempts to create similar aircraft. The logical solution was to increase the rigidity to maximum values.
• Sharply increased weight of the aircraft. When the wing was made from materials available at that time, it turned out to be very heavy.
• Increased drag coefficient. The specific configuration of the wing leads to an increase in the drag area with all the ensuing consequences.
• The aerodynamic focus shifts greatly, which practically eliminates manual piloting in many situations: smart electronics are required for stabilization.

The designers had to work hard to solve these problems so that the Su-47 Berkut could fly normally.

S-37, first prototype

Here, the creators of the Su-47 (S-37) “Berkut” are facing difficult times. In principle, they wanted to cancel the project altogether due to growing economic problems, but the leadership of the Navy intervened, which proposed making the aircraft a promising carrier-based fighter. At the very beginning of the 90s, researchers again returned to the topic of a forward-swept wing, using all the developments available at that time. As a matter of fact, it was then that the Su-47 Berkut project appeared.

History of creation

Su-47 at MAKS-2001
The project developed first as a promising model of a fighter with a forward-swept wing for the USSR Air Force (modernization of the Su-27, topic S-37) as part of an industry research program since 1983, but this topic was closed in 1988. After this, the customer of the project was the USSR Navy, which predetermined the further development of the project as a promising aircraft for aircraft-carrying cruisers. The project was renamed and called Su-27KM (ship modified). Subsequently, after the collapse of the USSR and the crisis in the country in the 1990s, state funding was removed from the project and it continued only thanks to the Sukhoi Design Bureau’s own funding. As a result, after all the ups and downs, the aircraft was presented to the public at the MAKS-1999 exhibition under the name S-37 "Berkut", and by MAKS-2001 it was renamed the Su-47 "Berkut". The first flying example of the Su-47 was built in 1997; it is now experimental.

In 2006-2007 After modernizing the cargo compartment, the aircraft was involved in the program to create the T-50 fighter project (later Su-57). The goal was to test the doors and internal equipment of the compartment for operability under real flight conditions. The information was actively used in the final stages of creating the cargo compartments of the promising T-50 fighter.

The only copy is in the LII museum. Gromova.

Achievements of designers and engineers

The creation of a unique technology for manufacturing long parts from complex composite materials can be considered the most significant achievement of designers. In addition, it was possible to achieve truly jeweler-like precision in their joining. The longest parts of the Su-47 Berkut aircraft, the photo of which you see in this article, are eight meters long. Simply put, there are few parts, they are all connected to each other with the highest precision, and the number of bolted and riveted connections is sharply reduced. This had a very beneficial effect both on the rigidity of the structure and on the entire aerodynamics of the aircraft.

The weight of the design aircraft was close to 20 tons, with complex composites accounting for at least 14%. To simplify things as much as possible, they tried to take some of the parts from mass-produced cars. Thus, the canopy, landing gear, and a number of other structural elements were transferred without changes to the Su-47 Berkut aircraft directly from its failed “ancestor” - the SU-27.

Along the leading edge the wing slope is 20°, along the rear wall this value is 37°. A special influx was made in its root part, which made it possible to significantly reduce the drag coefficient. Almost all the edges of the wing are entirely occupied by mechanization. Its entire structure is solid composites, with only 10% of it being metal inserts added to achieve the required strength and rigidity.

Materials

Composite materials were widely used in the airframe design. Their use made it possible to increase weight yield by 20-25%, the service life increased by 2-3 times, and labor costs for the production of parts were reduced by approximately 50-60%. Composite materials gave the machine the necessary thermophysical and radio characteristics.

However, as American studies on the F-22A aircraft have shown, carbon fiber structures are more susceptible to mechanical stress, and accordingly, the aircraft becomes less durable and survivable. The same cannot be said about structures predominantly made of titanium and aluminum alloys, which can withstand high temperature and pressure ranges well.

Control

Directly on the sides of the air intakes there is an all-moving horizontal tail that has a trapezoidal shape. The tail unit is also made according to a swept-back layout. The vertical tail is very similar to that of the same Su-27, but its total area is much larger. This was achieved by making significant changes to the design: it began to work more efficiently, and therefore the size was reduced.

The cross-section of the fuselage is close to oval, the outside of the body is very “polished” and as smooth as possible. The nose section, with minor changes, was almost completely borrowed from the Su-27. On the sides of the pilot's cabin there are simple, non-adjustable air intakes. They are also present on the upper part of the fuselage, but the pilot has the ability to control their area, which is used during intensive maneuvering, takeoff or landing. As you can see in the photo, on the sides of the nozzles of the Su-47 Berkut aircraft, the characteristics of which we are considering, there are small bulges, inside which radar or other equipment can be placed.

Su-47 Berkut - video

In the late nineties and early 2000s, the highlight of Russian air shows was the new S-37 Berkut aircraft, which later received the new designation Su-47. The unusual appearance of the aircraft, associated with the use of a forward-swept wing (SSW), attracted the attention of all people associated with aviation or simply interested in it. The excitement around the S-37 project, often called the main reliable domestic combat aircraft, was in no way inferior to later disputes and discussions of the current PAK FA program. Aviation specialists and enthusiasts predicted a great future for the development and tried to predict how effective it would be among the troops. However, more than 15 years have passed since the first flight of the Su-47 aircraft, and the Russian Air Force has not received production fighters based on this project. Only after several years of heated discussions did the mass consciousness establish an understanding of the fact that the C-37 aircraft was purely experimental and from the very beginning was not considered as the basis for combat equipment in the near future. However, a number of nuances of the Berkut project remain secret to this day, which sometimes leads to renewed disputes.

Privacy mode

The first prototype of the S-37 aircraft took off on September 25, 1997. However, the existence of a secret project became known earlier. Back in 1994-95, the foreign aviation press wrote about the development of a certain promising Russian fighter. Western journalists cited the supposed name of the development - S-32. In addition, some publications suggested an interesting technical feature of the project. According to the information provided, the new S-32 was supposed to have a forward-swept wing.

As it turned out, foreign aviation journalists were partially right. Confirmation of their assumptions appeared already at the beginning of 1996. Then the publication "Vestnik Air Fleet" published a photograph from a meeting of the Air Force Military Council. In addition to representatives of the aviation industry and the air force, two small aircraft models were present. One of them was quickly identified as the already well-known Su-27M fighter, while the second raised a lot of questions. The black model with white numbers “32” on board had a front horizontal tail and, most importantly, a characteristic forward-swept wing. A few months after this publication, diagrams and drawings based on the existing photograph appeared in the foreign press. At the same time, one cannot fail to note the official reaction. Representatives of the design bureau answered all questions about the project of a fighter with a CBS in the same way: no work is being done in this direction. As it turned out later, such answers, more like excuses, were due to the secrecy regime. As for the classified work itself, it started in the early eighties.

On the way to "Berkut"

In the late seventies and early eighties, the leadership of the Air Force, together with the State Committee on Aviation Technology under the USSR Council of Ministers (GKAT), reflected on the state of the aircraft fleet in the following decades. In 1981, the I-90 program was launched, the purpose of which was to determine the appearance and development of the “Fighter of the nineties.” The lead enterprise in the I-90 project was the design bureau named after. Mikoyan. The Sukhoi Design Bureau managed to convince industry management that the existing Su-27 aircraft has great modernization prospects and therefore the organization can move on to other projects. New general designer of the Design Bureau named after. Sukhoi M.P. Simonov, appointed in the early eighties, proposed to nevertheless start a new fighter project, but to conduct it on a proactive basis. The last nuance of the project was probably due to the desire of the designers to tackle a promising but controversial topic, which might not yield any practically applicable results. In the aircraft with the symbol S-22, it was proposed to use a forward-swept wing. Compared to traditional designs, it had several significant advantages:

- greater aerodynamic quality when maneuvering. This is especially noticeable at low speeds; — greater lifting force compared to a straight-swept wing of the same area; — better operating conditions for mechanization, which leads to improved takeoff and landing characteristics and controllability; — lower stall speed compared to a forward-swept wing and better anti-spin characteristics; — displacement of the power elements of the wing closer to the tail of the fuselage, which frees up volumes for cargo compartments near the center of gravity of the aircraft.

These and other advantages of the CBS made it possible to create a new fighter whose characteristics would be noticeably higher than those of traditional machines. But, as always happens, the advantages were accompanied by serious disadvantages and problems that had to be solved in the near future. The forward-swept wing posed the following questions to the designers: - elastic divergence of the wing. At certain speeds the CBS begins to twist, which can lead to its destruction. The solution to the problem was to increase the rigidity of the wing; - weight of the structure. The fairly rigid wing, made from the materials available at that time, turned out to be too heavy; — frontal resistance. With a further increase in speed, a fairly rigid negative-swept wing faces new problems. The specific nature of the flow around the wing leads to a noticeable increase in drag compared to the characteristics of a straight-swept wing; — shift of the aerodynamic focus. At high speeds, an aircraft with a CBS is forced to more actively carry out longitudinal balancing. Only the solution to all these problems, directly related to the forward sweep of the wing, could have a positive effect in the form of the advantages described above. Designers under the leadership of M.P. Simonov started looking for solutions. Already in the early stages of the S-22 project, the main technological solutions were determined, which were later applied to the S-37. It was proposed to make a wing of sufficient rigidity with extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The number of metal parts has been reduced to a minimum. In addition, the wing was equipped with advanced mechanization with deflectable tips, designed to optimize flow at high angles of attack. The appearance of the S-22 aircraft was determined by the mid-eighties. It was a single-engine fighter with a canard aerodynamic design. Perhaps the S-22 could have made its first flight by the end of the decade, but the Soviet Union did not have a suitable engine. All available aircraft engines did not provide the required thrust-to-weight ratio.

Research was carried out on the subject of possible changes to the design for a new engine from among the existing ones. This work ended without much success: the plane still remained too heavy for the existing engines. In this regard, based on the S-22, they began to design a new aircraft, the S-32. The aerodynamic features of the S-32 were almost completely consistent with the previous project, but a new power plant was used. Two RD-79M turbofan engines with a thrust of 18,500 kgf each could provide the heavier vehicle with sufficient thrust-to-weight ratio. Moreover, calculations showed that these engines were capable of providing the S-32 aircraft with long-term flight at supersonic speeds without the use of afterburner. In 1988, due to the deteriorating economic situation in the country, the S-32 project was almost closed, but the command of the navy stood up for it. The admirals got acquainted with the calculated characteristics of the promising aircraft and demanded that a carrier-based fighter be created on its basis. For several months, Design Bureau named after. Sukhoi created the Su-27KM project. In fact, it was a significantly modified S-32 airframe, equipped with equipment and weapons of the Su-33. According to the project, the vehicle had a maximum take-off weight of 40 tons, which, when using RD-79M engines, did not allow aircraft-carrying cruisers to take off from a springboard the way the Su-33 did. To solve this problem, the so-called ballistic takeoff. The essence of this technique was that the insufficient speed when taking off from the springboard was compensated by the height and characteristics of the forward-swept wing. Thanks to the CBS, while losing a few meters of altitude, the plane could gain the required speed and go into horizontal flight. Airplanes with forward-swept wings could not use ballistic takeoff, since insufficient lift and horizontal speed would be guaranteed to crash into the water.

Project S-37

The deteriorating economic situation in the country did not allow the Navy to obtain a promising carrier-based fighter. In the plans of the Design Bureau named after. Sukhoi included the construction of several prototypes of the Su-27KM aircraft, but the cessation of funding did not allow this to be done. In the early nineties, aircraft manufacturers decided to continue research on the topic of forward-swept wings, using existing developments. The next project was designed to combine all the achievements and technical solutions, adjusted for financial problems and the state of the aviation industry. The project was named S-37.

First of all, it should be noted that the reduction in funding and the return of the initiative status to the project affected the number of planned prototypes. It was decided to build only one prototype. According to some sources, the constructed airframe was first sent for static tests, where, using the most modern techniques, its actual strength was assessed. No destructive loads were applied in this case, and all impacts corresponded to the calculated operational ones. This made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of the project due to the construction of additional airframes. After static tests, the first airframe was upgraded to a full-fledged aircraft.

The finished experimental aircraft S-37 "Berkut" is of interest to both specialists and the general public. The attention of the first is attracted by the technologies used, the second by the unusual appearance and declared capabilities. From an aerodynamic point of view, the S-37 is an integral longitudinal triplane with a high-mounted forward-swept wing. The front and tail horizontal tail surfaces are all-moving and have a relatively small area. According to some reports, the aerodynamic characteristics of the S-37 allow it to reach angles of attack of up to 120° and perform the so-called. dynamic braking (“Pugachev’s Cobra”), however, this capability was almost never used during tests and demonstrations due to restrictions on flight modes.

One of the main achievements of the Design Bureau named after. Sukhoi, Irkutsk Aviation Plant and related enterprises can be considered the creation of technology for the production of long composite parts. During production, large flat parts are formed, which can then be given a complex configuration. Finished parts fit together with the highest precision. The outer surface of the C-37 airframe consists of a large number of similar composite panels, the largest of which are about 8 meters long. Thanks to this, the number of joints and various protruding parts, including fasteners, is minimized. Ultimately, the use of large composite panels had a beneficial effect on both the rigidity of the wing structure and the aerodynamics of the entire aircraft.

The empty weight of the C-37 aircraft was 19,500 kg, with about 13% being made up of parts made of composite materials. Due to the experimental nature of the project, the design of the aircraft used not only elements specially created using new technologies, but also elements already mastered in production and borrowed from other aircraft. For example, the landing gear, canopy and some on-board systems were taken almost unchanged from Su-27 aircraft.

The forward-swept wing of the C-37 aircraft has consoles with a sweep along the leading edge of -20° and -37° along the trailing edge. At the root part, the leading edge forms a straight sweep influx. The combination of the influx and the console with forward and backward sweeps made it possible to improve the flow around this part of the airframe. The leading edge of the wing is equipped with a deflectable tip, the rear edge is equipped with a single-section flap and aileron. The mechanization almost completely occupies the edges of the wing. Due to rigidity requirements, the wing structure consists of 90% composite parts. The remaining elements are made of metal and are used in the power set.

Close to the central part of the fuselage, on the sides of the air intakes, the Su-37 has an all-moving front horizontal tail of a trapezoidal shape. The horizontal tail surface is also all-moving and has a characteristic elongated shape with a large sweep of the leading edge. The vertical tail is similar to the fins of the Su-27 fighter, but has a smaller area. Due to some design nuances, it was possible to significantly increase the efficiency of its operation, which made it possible to reduce the area. The fuselage of the S-37 aircraft has smooth contours, and its cross-section is generally close to oval. The design of the nose section is close to the design of the corresponding airframe units of the Su-27 aircraft. On the sides of the rear of the pilot's cabin there are non-adjustable air intakes. Their shape is formed by a sector of a circle, truncated by the surfaces of the fuselage on the side and the root influx of the center section on top. On the upper surface of the middle part of the fuselage, near the wing root, there are additional air intakes used during takeoff and landing or during intensive maneuvering. As can be seen from the shape of the fuselage, the air intake channels on the way to the engines are curved, which, among other things, covers the compressor blades and thereby reduces the visibility of the aircraft in the frontal view. On the sides of the engine nozzles on the C-37 aircraft there are relatively small fairings, inside of which the necessary electronic equipment of appropriate sizes can be placed.

Due to the lack of other suitable engines ready for production, the D-30F11 turbofan engines were chosen for installation on the S-37 aircraft. These engines are a further development of the D-30F6, used on the MiG-31 interceptors. It was assumed that in the future the S-37 would be able to receive new, more advanced engines with greater thrust, lower fuel consumption and a thrust vector control system. Turbojet engines with afterburning thrust of 15,600 kgf gave the aircraft with a normal take-off weight of about 25.6 tons quite high performance. The stated maximum flight speed is 2200 km/h at high altitude and 1400 km/h at the ground. The practical ceiling was determined at 18,000 meters, the practical range was 3,300 kilometers.

Not much is still known about the composition of the on-board equipment of the S-37 aircraft. According to available data, the aircraft is equipped with a fly-by-wire control system based on the electric propulsion system of the Su-27 aircraft. There is also an inertial navigation system with the ability to use signals from navigation satellites, as well as modern communication systems. To facilitate the pilot’s work, the S-37 aircraft was equipped with a K-36DM ejection seat, which differs from the serial products of this model. The back of the chair on the Berkut is located at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. This helps the pilot more easily endure the overloads that occur during intense maneuvering. According to some sources, the S-37 used controls unusual for domestic combat aircraft: instead of the standard central control stick of the aircraft, a small handle was used, located on the right instrument panel. The engine control handles and pedals remained the same, similar to those used on the Su-27.

Being an experimental aircraft, the S-37 prototype did not carry any weapons. However, in the left wing influx there was a place for the GSh-301 automatic cannon with ammunition (according to some reports, the experimental aircraft did receive a cannon), and in the middle part of the fuselage there was a cargo compartment for weapons. As far as is known, during the first tests the S-37 did not carry any weapons, since the purpose of the flights was to test the flight qualities of the vehicle.

Trials and fame

The first flight of the S-37 aircraft (the first prototype, taking into account the possible construction of several aircraft, was called the S-37-1) took place on September 25, 1997. Under the control of test pilot I. Votintsev, the new aircraft spent about half an hour in the air and did not cause any serious complaints. The first series of test flights lasted until the spring of 1998, after which a break was taken. For some time, the designers analyzed the collected information, made the necessary adjustments to the project, finalized the machine and drew up a program for the next stage of testing.

For the first time, the S-37 Berkut aircraft was shown to the general public only in 1999 at the MAKS international aerospace show. The demonstration could have taken place earlier, at the MAKS-1997 exhibition. In the summer of 1997, the prototype was already in Zhukovsky and was preparing for testing. There were proposals to show the experimental aircraft in a static parking lot, but the Air Force command did not approve of them. It is worth noting that two years later the Berkut also did not get into static parking. The level of secrecy of the project was such that the only plane taxied onto the airfield runway just before its demonstration flight. After landing, it was towed to one of the hangars, away from spectators.

Despite the almost two-year delay in demonstrating the aircraft to the public, the first information about it appeared in the media just a few days after the first flight. Official confirmation of the existence of a new Russian aircraft with CBS produced the expected result - debates broke out around the world about the features and prospects of the S-37. An interesting feature of the coverage of the project in the media was the fact that the Berkut was almost immediately announced as a promising fifth-generation fighter, which in the very near future will go into production and begin to enter service with the troops. Statements about the experimental nature of the project had difficulty cutting through other information noise.

Against the backdrop of a lot of discussions and heated debates, employees of LII and related enterprises tested the new aircraft, collecting a lot of important data. The S-37-1 prototype helped establish the correctness of some technical solutions and show the fallacy of others. At the beginning of the 2000s, talk about creating a combat aircraft based on the S-37 was resumed. It was proposed to equip it with a modern set of avionics, including a forward-looking radar with a phased array antenna and an additional radar for monitoring the rear hemisphere. It was proposed to include guided and unguided missiles and bombs in the armament of the promising fighter, which it could carry on internal and external slings.

Naturally, all attempts to create a combat aircraft based on the experimental Berkut did not lead to any result. continued to use the only prototype for purely research purposes, showing it at exhibitions from time to time. So, for example, at the MAKS-2001 salon, the S-37-1 aircraft was first shown under a new name - Su-47. The reasons for this change were dictated, first of all, by attracting attention to the project. In practice, the letter “C” was always assigned to experimental aircraft, and finished aircraft received the index “Su”. The name change had no effect on the test program.

Testing of the S-37-1 or Su-47 aircraft continued for several years. The plane was tested at different speeds and flight modes. According to some reports, active testing of the Berkut’s capabilities led to some problems with various units of the design. For this reason, at the end of the first stages of testing, restrictions were introduced on the maximum flight speed, angle of attack, etc.

The S-37/Su-47 Berkut project allowed Russian aircraft manufacturers to test several important ideas and collect a lot of information about aircraft with forward-swept wings. The information obtained about the nature of the flow around and the behavior of an aircraft with CBS in different flight modes allowed domestic aviation science to close several blank spots in theories. By the middle of the last decade, the only Berkut prototype completed all planned flight programs and was parked.

It should be noted that after the completion of the main test program, the Su-47 aircraft had the opportunity to participate in yet another research project. Since it was the only domestic aircraft with the dimensions of a fighter, but at the same time equipped with an internal cargo compartment, it was chosen as a platform for testing some elements of the future T-50 fighter (PAK FA program). In 2006-2007, the Berkut received a new cargo compartment, created according to the T-50 project. The purpose of this modification was to test the doors and internal equipment of the compartment for operability under real flight conditions. The Su-47 with such a cargo compartment made about 70 flights with the doors open. Interestingly, the doors of the first test compartment were opened and fixed while still on the ground. In 2008-2009, the Su-47 received an updated payload volume with door opening mechanisms. In 2009, 25 flights were carried out with the doors opening.

As far as we know, the Su-47 was used as a testbed not only for the cargo bay doors. During new tests as part of the PAK FA program, it carried weight simulators of advanced guided missiles. The information obtained during the new test flights of the Su-47 aircraft was actively used in the final stages of creating the cargo compartments of the promising T-50 fighter.

Clear result

The first prototype of the S-37-1 aircraft began to be built two decades ago, took off in 1997 and was actively tested until the first half of the 2000s. The project for an aircraft with a forward-swept wing was closed several years ago. The experimental aircraft showed everything it was capable of and allowed us to collect as much necessary information as possible. Moreover, the Su-47, which was only mistakenly considered a fifth-generation fighter, became a flying laboratory for testing new technologies related to the armament of promising aircraft. The aircraft's participation in important experiments and tests was somewhat detrimental to potential showings to the general public. The Su-47 regularly took part in air shows in Zhukovsky until the middle of the last decade, but was never parked statically. All demonstrations consisted of demonstration flights. Experts and the interested public were never able to closely examine the interesting aircraft, which had almost no practical prospects.

Despite the long-standing completion of the project, debates about the pros and cons or prospects of both the Su-47 aircraft and the entire class of aircraft with forward-swept wings still continue. The pros and cons of CBS, aircraft projects with it, etc. are discussed over and over again. There is still no consensus on the prospects of aircraft like the Su-47. As for the Berkut project itself, it should be considered successful. Although the Su-47 did not become the basis for promising fighters that surpass all modern technology in their characteristics, it did everything it was intended for. The S-37/Su-47 was created as an experimental aircraft to test new technologies. He coped with this task brilliantly, and other developments should take on the role of the latest combat aircraft with unique characteristics.

Materials

The aircraft's airframe is made with extensive use of composite materials (CM). For example, an aircraft wing is made from carbon fiber-based composite materials at the ONPP Tekhnologiya enterprise.

The use of promising composites ensures an increase in weight return by 20-25%, service life - by 1.5-3.0 times, a material utilization factor of up to 0.85, a reduction in labor costs for the manufacture of parts by 40-60%, as well as obtaining the required thermophysical and radio technical characteristics. At the same time, experiments conducted in the United States as part of the F-22A program indicate lower combat survivability of carbon fiber structures compared to structures made of aluminum and titanium alloys, which can withstand stall loads and high pressure.

Design

"Berkut" is made according to the aerodynamic design of a "longitudinal integral triplane" with a forward-swept wing (SWS). The wing smoothly mates with the fuselage, forming a single load-bearing system. Features of the layout include developed wing flaps, under which are placed unregulated engine air intakes, having a cross-sectional shape close to a sector of a circle.

The fighter wing has a developed root part (about 75°) and a variable sweep angle (about 10°) along the leading edge and a smoothly mating cantilever part with forward sweep (along the leading edge - about 20°). The wing is equipped with flaperons, occupying more than half the span, as well as ailerons. The all-moving front horizontal tail (PGO) with a span of about 3.5 m has a trapezoidal shape. Its sweep angle along the leading edge is about 50°. The rear horizontal tail of a relatively small area is also made all-moving, with a sweep angle along the leading edge of about 75°.

Avionics

The project assumed that the aircraft would use the most modern on-board equipment - a digital multi-channel diesel control system (analogue on the first aircraft), an automated integrated control system, a navigation complex, which includes an INS on laser gyroscopes in combination with satellite navigation and a “digital map” ", which have already found application on such machines as the Su-30MKI, Su-34 and Su-27M. It was planned to equip it with an integrated life support and crew ejection system of a new generation.

To control the aircraft, as on the Su-37, a low-speed side control stick and a strain-gauge throttle control are probably used (on the first aircraft there was a central control lever).

The placement and dimensions of the avionics antennas indicate the designers' desire to provide all-round visibility. In addition to the main radar located in the nose under the finned fairing, the fighter has two rear-view antennas installed between the wing and the engine nozzles.

Armament

The Su-47 copy is experimental. It was created to test the airframe design, layout solutions and materials, so weapons could not be deployed without additional modernization of the aircraft. During the development of the Advanced Aviation Complex for Frontline Aviation, the Su-47 airframe was modernized and received one bomb bay, the experience of creating which was subsequently applied to the PAK FA.

During development, it was planned that the “main caliber” of the fighter would obviously be medium-range guided missiles of the RVV-AE type, which have an active final homing radar system and are optimized for placement in the cargo compartments of aircraft (they have a low aspect ratio wing and folding lattice rudders). NPO Vympel announced successful flight tests on the Su-27 of an improved version of this missile, equipped with a sustainer ramjet engine. The new modification has increased range and speed.

Short-range air-to-air missiles should also be important in aircraft armament. At the MAKS-97 exhibition, a new missile of this class was demonstrated, the K-74, created on the basis of the R-73 missile launcher and differing from the latter by an improved thermal homing system, which had a target acquisition angle increased from 80-90° to 120°. The use of a new thermal homing head (TGS) also made it possible to increase the maximum target engagement range by 30% (up to 40 km).

It is likely that the 30-mm GSh-30-1 cannon will also be retained as part of the onboard armament of promising fighters.

It was planned that, like other domestic multifunctional aircraft - Su-30MKI, Su-35 and Su-37, the new machines would also carry strike weapons - high-precision air-to-ground missiles and air-to-ground missiles for hitting ground and surface targets, as well as radar enemy.

Power point

Since there was nothing more suitable, the engines for the aircraft were installed on the TRDDF D-30F11 model. By the way, they were used on MiG-31 interceptors. Their traction was clearly not enough for such a machine, but it was assumed that in the future it would be possible to develop a more high-torque and economical model. However, even with a take-off weight of 25.5 tons, the performance of these engines was more than acceptable. At high altitudes, the flight speed reached 2.2 thousand km/h; near the ground this figure was 1.5 thousand km/h. The maximum range is 3.3 thousand kilometers, the “ceiling” in height is 18 kilometers.

Equipment and weapons

For obvious reasons, very little is known about the actual composition of on-board equipment. One can rightfully assume that part of it was transferred from the Su-27. The navigation system took advantage of real-time data from military satellites. It is known that the aircraft was equipped with an ejection seat model K-36DM, which was significantly different from standard production models. The fact is that its back is located at 30° to the horizontal.

This was done so that pilots could more easily endure the enormous overloads that arose during intensive maneuvering at maximum speeds. According to available data, other controls were directly taken from other domestic fighters, with the Su-27 most often used as a “donor”.

Since the aircraft was exclusively experimental, it did not carry weapons in principle (or information about it was classified). Nevertheless, on the left wing flap the place for an automatic cannon is clearly visible (there is evidence that it was installed on the experimental aircraft), and in the middle part of the hull there is a spacious compartment for bomb weapons. Scientists and military personnel unanimously claim that the project was solely aimed at testing the flight qualities of this type of aircraft, and therefore there were no unique weapons on board the Su-47 Berkut. Why was a project that had already shown itself to be quite promising closed?

Design

The Su-47 fighter has received some unique design features that set it apart from the classical concept of the layout of a modern fighter aircraft.

A characteristic feature of the aircraft is the forward-swept wing.

Moreover, the wing itself has a forward direction and is smoothly connected to the fuselage, which is a solid supporting structure (this is a feature of fighter aircraft), but its consoles are made with a forward sweep.

Composite materials are used in the production of the Su-47. Thus, the wing consists of 90% composite and only 10% metal alloys. The fuselage is created using titanium and aluminum. This approach makes the car lighter and makes it modern. However, there are known tests of American fighters (also made of composites), which have proven that such materials are seriously inferior in strength to metals, which makes aircraft less reliable.

The Berkut is assembled using a unique technology, when elements of the fuselage or tail are cast as accurately as possible in a flat form, and then they are given the desired curvature and shape. This allows you to ensure the highest quality joining of parts and use fewer rivets. The weight of the aircraft is reduced by 20-25% only due to this technology, and the service life of the skin is 2-3 times higher than that of an all-metal skin.

The aircraft layout is known as a longitudinal integral triplane. The front empennage is a trapezoidal console with a sweep angle of about 50 degrees and a total span of 3.5 meters. A special feature of the PGO is the ability of the entire console to rotate. For control, ailerons and flaperons are installed on the main wing.

The tail, like the front one, has the ability to rotate completely.

The tail fins are similar in design to the Su-27, but smaller (which gives more “invisibility” to radars) and have a camber of 75 degrees relative to each other.

The fuselage has a distinct oval cross-section. On the sides, at the junction with the wing, there are air intakes. The cockpit is located in the front part, and the fuselage itself in the bow has received a noticeable flattening with protruding ribs on both sides.

The cockpit of the vehicle's sole pilot is identical in size to its predecessor, the Su-27. But there are some small features of its own. Thus, the Su-47 Berkut has improved visibility and reduced dispersion area, but a new ejection system was required.

The location of the pilot's seat required new ejection calculations. The Su-47 is positioned at an angle of 30 degrees. This reduces pilot workload at high speeds. At the moment this is the K-36DM model. There were plans to install an even more modern pilot life-saving system with the ability to leave the plane at low altitudes, but this has not yet been applied.

The aircraft's landing gear is tricycle. The two rear pillars have one wheel each and are retracted forward and rotated behind the air intakes. Two wheels of smaller diameter are placed on the front chassis. The stand is also assembled forward with a turn, hiding under the cockpit.

The Su-47 was initially equipped with D-30F6 engines with a thrust of 15,600 kgf (the same as on the Mig-31).

But especially for all fifth-generation aircraft in Russia, a new generation of power plants is being developed - AL-41F (with thrust vector control, plasma ignition and even the ability to operate in the event of failure of all electronics on the aircraft), which are planned to be installed on a series of Su-47 fighters, including number.

Not much is known about the Berkut's on-board equipment due to the high secrecy of information. However, it is clear that the military industry supplied its best developments for the fighter.

It is reliably known that the Su-47 is equipped with:

• navigation systems with laser gyroscopes and the ability to navigate by satellite;
• radar antennas were probably intended to be located in all directions of the aircraft (nose, tail, fins and wings) to provide maximum visibility to the pilot;
• optical location station in the nose of the fighter;
• control is organized using a strain gauge lever and a side low-throw handle;
• the radar station on board allows you to detect targets at a distance of 245 kilometers from the aircraft, guide up to 24 enemy targets and hit 8 of them at once.

The Berkut is considered an experimental aircraft and therefore does not carry weapons. But since it is assembled on the basis of the Su-27, Su-32 and Su-33, its possible arsenal can be impressive. Firstly, the Su-47 has compartments for missiles and bombs. It is possible to install suspended weapons externally, but this measure will increase the visibility of the fighter to enemy radar.

The aircraft was planned to be equipped with all types of missiles: short, medium, long and ultra-long range. It is assumed that the Su-47 can successfully hit targets at a distance of up to 400 kilometers. For close combat, the fighter can use the GSh-301 30 mm cannon.

Why was the project closed?

It should be remembered that active testing of this prototype continued until the mid-2000s. The project was closed because it was originally planned to be experimental. All the materials that were accumulated during this work are truly priceless. It would be a global mistake to think that this was a fifth-generation fighter. The Su-47 Berkut is just a prototype, but an extremely important one. Thus, it is already known that its central bomb bay is almost similar to that of the newest PAK FA. Surely it was not by chance that it appeared on the last one... Only the military knows how many technical ideas from this aircraft will be used in the future. One can only be sure that there will be many of them.

Armament

Initially, the Su-47 was created as a testing ground for various airframe configurations. Defensive weapons are traditionally represented by the GSh-30-1 aircraft cannon.

To accommodate offensive weapons, additional modernization of the aircraft was required. After it was carried out, the bomb bay of the aircraft had a combat load of up to 8000 kg and could accommodate a wide range of modern missile weapons:

• medium-range guided missiles of the RVV-AE type with a final homing radar system, folding rudders and a low aspect ratio wing;
• R-74 short-range air-to-air missiles with a modern heat-seeking system;
• air-to-ground guided missiles;
• adjustable bombs.

Western media insider - Su-47 cross-section

Future prospects

Despite the theoretical closure of the project, the Su-47 Berkut model still causes heated debate on domestic and foreign resources: experts argue about the prospects for this type of aircraft. All the pros and cons of this technique have been discussed thousands of times. And there is still no consensus on what awaits similar aircraft in the future: either complete oblivion, or the transfer of all the world's air forces to similar equipment. Many agree that the main obstacle to such global changes is the unrealistic cost of materials and technologies used to create the Berkut.

In general, the project should certainly be considered a success. Although the Su-47 Berkut fighter did not become the predecessor (although, who knows) of the latest fighters, it coped with its “white mouse” task brilliantly. So, it was on it that dozens of new developments were tested, and all of them are still classified. Perhaps, with the development of materials science and the reduction in cost of the process of creating some complex polymers, we will again see this beautiful aircraft in the sky, truly reminiscent of the grace of a bird of prey.