MiG-25 Dimensions. Engine. Weight. Story. Range of flight. Service ceiling

The armament of the times of the powerful USSR competed at the appropriate level with the weapons and equipment of other powers. At some points, the performance of certain types of weapons was many orders of magnitude superior to their competitors. History confirms that such leadership provided a number of great advantages and kept potential enemies in fear and tension. Aviation is no exception. Certain achievements in the design of aircraft and types of weapons for them determined the dominance of the USSR Air Force in global airspace for many years.

The Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau produced a number of really good machines. Excellent aerodynamic qualities, powerful weapons, supersonic speed and many other positive characteristics are the main distinguishing characteristics of the aircraft of this bureau. Today we will talk about a legendary aircraft - this is the MiG 25 aircraft.

History of the MiG 25 development

In the 50s, all designers worked on creating heavy supersonic fighters that were supposed to withstand the heavy supersonic bombers of foreign military forces. These included the North American XB-70 (“Valkyrie”), Convair B-58 (“Hustler”). The work was carried out in the strictest secrecy. The MiG Bureau worked on such models as the E-152 (E-166), E-150, E-152M. In 1961, on March 10, Mikoyan issued an official decree on the creation of a new machine.

The prototype received the index E-155. This aircraft became the progenitor of the famous MiG 25. The designers faced many challenges. There have been cases where the drawings were redone more than once. What power plant to choose, what weapons to use, what automatic control systems to use. Designers often faced such questions when designing a machine.

Design

The aircraft is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with a high-mounted trapezoidal wing, a two-fin vertical tail and an all-moving horizontal tail with differential control.
The power structure is welded, made of stainless steel. The wing skin is partly made of titanium, partly made of aluminum alloy. 80% of the airframe is made of stainless steel grades VNS-2, VNS-4 and VNS-5, 8% are titanium structures and 11% are parts made of special heat-resistant aluminum alloy D19. Welded fuel tanks are an integral part of the fuselage structure.

The wing is two-spar, with a sweep angle along the leading edge of 42.5° at the root and 41° towards the console. The trailing edge has flaps and ailerons. Each console has an aerodynamic ridge. The KM-1M ejection seat provides emergency escape from the aircraft at any altitude at a speed of at least 130 km/h.

The aircraft has a double-dome braking parachute system with parachutes of 60 and 50 m2. In the left ventral ridge there is a probe that is lowered down during landing, which, touching the runway surface immediately before landing, activates the automatic release system of braking parachutes. The chassis is tricycle. Despite the large diameter wheel, the pressure in the tires is very high, which does not allow the aircraft to be operated on unpaved airfields.

Characteristics of the MiG 25

For many years the MiG 25 fighter dominated the skies. It was on this machine and its modifications that many speed and flight altitude records were set. The drawings of the machines were kept secret. The application of this aircraft model is very wide.

Interceptor fighters

• MiG 25P - the very first MiG 25 interceptor, the basic model first released in 1969 (made on the basis of the E-155P prototype);
• MiG 25PU - a model designed for training purposes;
• MiG 25MP is an improved model that became the prototype for the MiG 31. It was not mass-produced;
• MiG 25 PD is a modified model with powerful weapons and electronics. These include the MiG 25PDS and MiG 25PDSL models, which were equipped with an R15BD-300 engine.

Scouts

• MiG 25R is a super-fast high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. Performed radar, electronic and optical reconnaissance. It was equipped with high-quality optics and photographic equipment.
• MiG 25BM - intended to break through the air defense line. Equipped with X-58 anti-radar missiles. Could carry missiles with nuclear warheads. Defeats against enemy radar targets were carried out from the heights of the stratosphere.
• MiG 25RBT is a radio reconnaissance aircraft. The aircraft cabin was equipped with the latest electronics, the Pitch station.
• MiG 25MR - intended for research and forecasts of meteorological observations. Special equipment was installed on it.

Tactical reconnaissance bombers

MiG 25RB, MiG 25RBV are all-altitude, single-seat aircraft that were intended for reconnaissance and bombing. They were equipped with high-precision electronics and powerful radar equipment (SRS-4A). They carried impressive military weapons on board. The mass of the bomb load was 4000 kg. They were carriers of nuclear weapons. For automatic bombing, the Peleng-D navigation system was used.

Iraq

MiG-25s first appeared in Iraq in 1973; Soviet aircraft with Soviet pilots made reconnaissance flights over Israel, Turkey and Iran. Moreover, after the flights, the latter demanded that the United States sell him F-14 interceptors.

Iran-Iraq War

The MiG-25 was most intensively used by the Iraqi Air Force. During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), aircraft of this type were actively used for aerial reconnaissance, as well as fighter-bombers. The Iraqis received their first MiGs in the summer of 1979, and by the start of the war the Iraqi Air Force did not yet have a sufficient number of trained pilots.

The Iraqi MiG-25 scored its first aerial victory on May 3, 1981 - then the future ace Mohamed Rayyan shot down an Algerian government Gulfstream III plane with an R-60 missile, which violated the established flight zone. On August 18, 1981, the first 84th squadron of 4 MiG-25RBs was officially formed. On March 19, 1982, a high-flying Phantom formation was intercepted by an Iraqi MiG-25. One of the F-4s was heavily damaged by the missile, but was able to return to base; Whether the plane was written off or not is unknown. Active use of the MiG-25 began only in 1982. Subsequently, MiG-25s shot down several more Iranian planes and helicopters. The Iraqis often sent MiG-25 interceptors as “reconnaissance”; the Iranians, who did not yet know that the interceptors had begun to be used, sent an F-4 or F-14 “unarmed reconnaissance” to intercept. When approaching, the MiG turned towards the pursuer, which greatly surprised the Iranian pilots and in most cases led to the loss of Iranian fighters. At the beginning of 1983, the 97th squadron of MiG-25 interceptors was formed. In 1983, 12 Iraqi MiG-25PDs were upgraded to the MiG-25PDS level. On June 3, 1984, a new Iraqi MiG-25PDS shot down an Iranian F-5E over Tabriz, which was trying to attack an Iraqi bomber. In 1985, the 96th squadron of MiG-25 interceptors was formed. The most successful pilot was Mohamed Rayyan. He scored 10 aerial victories, 8 of them on the MiG-25 interceptor in the period 1981-1986. In 1986, after receiving the rank of colonel, Ryan was shot down and killed in a dogfight with either Iranian F-14s or F-5s. There is a known case when an Iraqi MiG-25PD shot down an Iranian C-130 Hercules transport aircraft transporting weapons from Israel to Iran. In total, MiG-25 interceptors scored 19 aerial victories during the war. According to Tom Cooper's latest data, only 2 reconnaissance/bombers and 2 interceptors were lost due to combat reasons, and only 2 of them were lost in air battles (and not 10 as he previously stated). The MiG-25 had the best win-to-loss ratio of any Iraqi aircraft. Iraq admitted the combat loss of only one MiG-25 in the reconnaissance/bomber modification; on February 25, 1987, over Isthafan, a MiG-25RB during an attack on oil facilities was shot down by an Iranian HQ-2 (S-75) air defense system, the pilot Lt. Sayer Sobhi Ahmad ejected and was taken prisoner. There is also information that the interceptors did not suffer losses in air battles. Two interceptors crashed during the war due to technical reasons.

One of the operations of the Iraqi MiG-25 in the role of bombers was the bombing of Khark Island in 1985. There were Iranian oil storage facilities on the island. The island size of 1x2.5 km was the optimal target for the guidance system of the MiG-25RB aircraft. The Iraqi side allocated three sorties to destroy oil storage facilities. As a result of the bombing, oil terminals were destroyed, the main target - oil storage facilities - was hit, and one of the bombs hit a tanker standing near the coastline. Air bases near Tehran were subjected to similar raids. The Iraqis tried to attach French bombs to MiGs, but the accuracy of their use turned out to be very low.

In March 1985, after a missile attack on Baghdad, Iraq redeployed four MiG-25RBs to Kirkuk to carry out long-range bombing raids. For one month, four MiG-25s took off every day with four 500 kg bombs and dropped them on Tehran, Tabriz, Ishafan and even Qom. Iranian air defense could not do anything with the bombers; not a single MiG was shot down.

In 1985-86, most of the Iraqi MiG-25RB and - PD were upgraded to the - RBT and - PDS standard. In addition, new aircraft were received to replace the lost ones. In 1986, the new MiG-25BM was tested in combat conditions. Soviet instructors practiced using the latest Kh-58U and Kh-13P missiles on them. MiG-25BM were not delivered abroad.

Syria supported the Iranian side during the war. The Syrian army did not conduct combat operations against Iraq, but carried out aerial reconnaissance. On October 2, 1986, an Iraqi MiG-25PD shot down a Syrian MiG-21R.

In total, since 1979, Iraq has received 22 MiG-25PD/PDS, 12 MiG-25RB and at least 7 MiG-25PU. About 40 Iraqi pilots were trained to fly them. Some of them had about 200 combat missions during the war. According to Iraqi pilots, the MiG-25 proved itself in the war as a reliable, highly automated machine, practically invulnerable to enemy fighters and ground-based air defense systems that Iran had.

Fragments of an Iraqi MiG-25 destroyed in a protected caponier as a result of being hit by a laser-guided UAB weighing 900 kg during Operation Desert Storm, 1991.

Gulf War

Iraqi MiG-25s were used during the Gulf War in 1990-1991. In 1990, Iraq had 19 MiG-25PD/PDS, 9 MiG-25RB and 7 MiG-25PU left. Before the start of the war with Kuwait, Iraqi MiG-25RBs made two reconnaissance flights on July 11 and August 1; Kuwaiti air defense was unable to do anything with the intruders. There were several more reconnaissance flights over Saudi Arabia. As the commander of the 17th Tank Brigade of the Republican Guard, General Raad Hamdani, whose unit led the attack, pointed out, the photographs taken by the scouts played a decisive role in the quick defeat of the Kuwaiti army.

The MiG-25 (pilot Lt. Zuhair Dawood) has the only official loss of American aviation in the Desert Storm air battles - an F/A-18, shot down on the first night of the war on January 17 (its pilot Michael Spicher was listed as missing for a long time lead). Also on the first day there was a dogfight between a pair of MiG-25PDs and four American F-15s. The F-15s fired a large number of missiles without achieving a single hit, after which the planes dispersed. Subsequently, Iraqi aircraft encountered strong opposition from electronic warfare systems; the Iraqis decided to use interceptors to suppress electronic warfare sources and divert coalition strike aircraft to areas with powerful ground-based air defense.

On January 19, an Iraqi MiG-25PD intercepted the strike group. He managed to dodge eight F-15E fighters. After that, he launched three missiles at the EF-111A electronic warfare aircraft, the missiles did not reach the target, but she had to stop the mission, thereby leaving the group without electronic warfare cover. Having lost cover, 1 F-15E was shot down by an old S-75 air defense system. In the same way, on this day, another EF-111A was forced to abandon its mission, but the strike group did not suffer any losses this time. At the end of the day, the MiG-25s made another sortie to divert American aircraft “under the air defense system,” this time a pair of American F-15s (pilots Captain Larry Peets and Captain Richard Tollini) were able to spot the enemy and attack. The first MiG (pilot Captain Hussein Abdul Sattar died) was shot down by an AIM-7M missile (another AIM-9 missed the target), the second (pilot Lieutenant Saad Nehme) was able to dodge 3 missiles, then received three direct hits 2 AIM -9M and 1 AIM-7M, but still continued to fly. Only after the launch of the 7th missile (AIM-9M) did the MiG-25 begin to slowly decline. The American pilot wanted to finally finish off the plane with a cannon, but when he saw that the flame of the MiG engines had died out, he did not finish it off, and the pilot ejected.

On January 30, a pair of Iraqi “twenty-fives” attacked a pair of F-15s with missiles. One of the missiles exploded near the Eagle, after which it turned towards the Saudi border, the ground control point traced the path of the F-15 and noted that the plane crashed 40 kilometers from the border. Later, the Iraqis found the wreckage of the F-15 in the same place that the control point spoke about, but the Americans did not confirm their losses in this battle (it is known that a Saudi F-15 crashed in this place for unknown reasons, but the date of loss is indicated as February 13). The MiG-25 turned around and began to return to base. Two F-15s came to the rescue, together they fired ten air-to-air missiles at the retreating enemy, none of the missiles reached the target.

According to American statements, one MiG-25 crashed on Iranian territory. True, it is unclear what he did there, since MiG-25s were not poisoned for the flight to Iran. In total, 19 Iraqi MiG-25s out of 35 were lost during the war, with only 2 of them being shot down.

MiG-25PU

Other conflicts

In 1992, an Iraqi MiG-25PDS of the 97th IE, piloted by Captain Laith Hashim Thenon, was shot down by an American F-16 fighter after invading a no-fly zone in the south of the country. Lait ejected.

In 1999, a pair of F-14s and a pair of F-15s attacked four MiG-25PDs. American planes fired 4 AIM-54 and 2 AIM-7 missiles, but not a single missile hit the target.

In 2000, MiG-25 reconnaissance flights over Jordan were noted - the F-16s of the local air force could not do anything. The same flights were carried out over Saudi Arabia - so at the beginning of 2003, American F-15s were able to drive away a MiG-25 that had invaded 60 kilometers into Saudi Arabia.

In 2002, an Iraqi MiG-25 shot down an American RQ-1 Predator unmanned reconnaissance aircraft with a missile.

Iraqi MiGs, like other types of aircraft, did not participate in the 2003 war. After its completion, American soldiers discovered several MiG-25s buried in the sand at the Al-Taqaddum airbase.

Libya

The first MiG-25s appeared in Libya in early 1977. Five Soviet MiG-25Rs performed reconnaissance of NATO shipping. Libya used the MiG-25 during the Chadian-Libyan conflict. They met several times with American F-14 fighters. The Libyans claimed to have destroyed at least two F-14s, although in reality these were interceptions without the use of weapons.

In 2015, one MiG-25 of the Libyan Dawn militia crashed due to technical reasons (according to other statements it was shot down) while attempting to bomb a civilian airport in Zintan.

India

In 1981, 6 MiG-25RB reconnaissance aircraft and 2 MiG-25RU training reconnaissance aircraft were delivered to India. At the end of May 1997, an Indian MiG-25 flew over the center of the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad, frightening its residents. The F-16 fighters that rose to intercept could not do anything with the intruder. Indian MiG-25s were widely used for reconnaissance missions during the Kargil War in 1999 and during Operation Pakaram. The MiG-25 decommissioning ceremony took place on May 1, 2006.

USSR and post-Soviet space

In the 1970s, Soviet MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft carried out reconnaissance flights over Iran. F-4D fighters never managed to intercept Soviet aircraft, but the more advanced F-4E managed to shoot down one MiG-25 in 1976 with an AIM-7E missile. MiG-25s were also used during the Afghan War, the Armenian-Azerbaijani War in Nagorno-Karabakh and Chechnya. There is a known case of an Azerbaijani MiG-25 being shot down by a Strela MANPADS missile; In total, Azerbaijan lost at least three aircraft of this type during the war.

The last combat use of the MiG-25 was recorded in 2000. From the 609th air base in Balkhash of the North Military District of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan (formerly the 39th separate reconnaissance Nikopol Order of Alexander Nevsky aviation regiment), two MiG-25RB aircraft were used, in agreement with the Kyrgyz Republic, for reconnaissance of the militant forces of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan during Batken events. Airplanes then operated from Lugovoye airfield.

In the early 1980s, Algeria received the first MiG-25s. Moroccan planes fighting the war with the Polisario constantly made provocative flights on the border; in 1982, during exercises, US Air Force planes began making similar flights with them. During one of these exercises, an Algerian MiG-25RB crossed the border of Morocco and flew across the entire territory of the country, turned around and flew in the opposite direction. After this incident, flights at the border stopped. In 1983, an Algerian MiG flew over Morocco again.

In service

- Algeria - 11 MiG-25 and 4 MiG-25RBSh, as of 2022 - Syria - 11 MiG-25, as of 2022

Electronics and radar equipment

The aircraft's cockpit was equipped with powerful electronics, the characteristics of which at that time were the best for this type of fighter. These include the SAU-155P1 system (automatic control system), 26Sh-1 heat direction finder, Sirena-3M SPO (irradiation warning system), R-19 radio altimeter, and Lazur guidance system. The reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with powerful side-view radar stations of the “Sabre” type.

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Engine

Most of the MiG 25 aircraft and their modifications were equipped with the R15B-300 engine. The technical data of this unit is impressive. He accelerated the fighter to a speed of three machs and raised it to an altitude of 22 kilometers. The thrust is 11200 kgf.

When fully armed, the fighter reached a speed of 3000 km/h. Without weapons, the speed increased by 10-15%. American scientists, conducting tests, proved that the R15B-300 engine reaches speeds of up to 3400 km/h. The maximum speed of the MiG 25 reached 3600 km/h. When flying over the Sinai Peninsula, this speed was recorded by Soviet aircraft in 1972 on both sides.

According to these data, the MiG 25 fighter set an absolute record for speed and flight altitude data. But for safety reasons, pilots were prohibited from accelerating the plane over 3,000 km/h.

Combat use

Egypt

During the War of Attrition, two MiG-25R and two MiG-25RB as part of the 63rd JSC were tested in Egypt, making reconnaissance flights from October 10, 1971 to March 1972 over the Sinai Peninsula occupied by Israel. The Israelis stated that flights of unidentified aircraft over Israel continued in April and May. The Israelis initially called the unknown aircraft “MiG-21 Alpha”, “MiG-23” and “X-500”. Israeli F-4 and Mirage III fighters made several sorties to intercept MiGs, but in not one case did the missiles fire hit the target. The Israelis' use of the HAWK air defense system also turned out to be useless. In July 1972, the planes were returned to the Soviet Union.

Soviet MiG-25s took part in the Yom Kippur War, making reconnaissance flights over the Sinai and Tel Aviv. Four MiG-25RB fighter-bombers were delivered to the 154th JSC, the first flight was made on October 22. The planes returned to the Soviet Union in May 1975.

Syria

On February 13, 1981, a Syrian MiG-25 took off to intercept two Israeli RF-4C reconnaissance aircraft. When the interceptor approached, the Phantoms turned back and used electronic warfare equipment. A minute later, an F-15 fighter appeared from behind a cloud of interference in the lower hemisphere (the MiG-25 had limitations in detection in the lower hemisphere). At this moment, the Syrian pilot received strong noise interference on the radio and did not hear the command from the ground to turn away. On approach from a distance of 25 kilometers, the F-15 launched an AIM-7F missile and shot down a MiG-25. Thus occurred the first oncoming missile attack in the history of air combat.

On July 29, 1981, a single F-15 performed demonstration flights, the other two were located outside the visibility range of Syrian radars. The “Upper” F-15 began to be called upon by a pair of Syrian MiG-21s, at which time a pair of MiG-25s went into an ambush - into the darkened area of ​​the Hokai military command post. The F-15 fell for the false call. The Twenty-Fifths began to move into attack positions. However, the F-15, without changing course, suddenly began to descend, dragging the MiG-25 with it. The opponents collided with each other, their marks on the screen merged, and then disappeared. The Syrian pilot ejected. The Syrian TsKP ordered the second MiG-25 to approach the other two Iglas. The Syrian captured one target at 25 km, launched the first missile at 18 km, and the second missile at 11 km (on-board monitoring equipment during decoding confirmed the hit of the first missile). An Israeli pilot ejected over the sea. The patrol boats picked up a life jacket and a package with signal equipment stored in the ejection seat. Israeli data does not confirm the loss. Soviet military expert V. Babich reports that after this successful battle, the Syrian command took the MiG-25 out of the scope of combat operations, explaining this by the fact that there were no targets for them.

On August 31, 1982, Israel announced that a HAWK air defense missile crew had shot down a Syrian MiG-25RB, but Syria did not possess flyable MiG-25RB reconnaissance aircraft until the end of 1982; there is information about the loss of a two-seat MiG-25 (possibly a MiG-25U) on this day.

Syrian MiG-25s regularly made reconnaissance flights along the border and over Israeli territory in the 1990s. They also drove away Israeli fighter jets that periodically flew over the Syrian border.

Historical facts

The drawings of this machine were desired by design bureaus in many countries. Potential enemies wanted to know all the nuances:

• use of a fighter;
• maximum flight speed and altitude data;
• unique design of the engine, weapons, and electronic components.

The story goes that in 1976, on September 6, a MiG 25 fighter was hijacked to Japan by Soviet pilot Viktor Belenko. During a normal flight, the traitor crossed the border and landed in Japan. He asked for political asylum from the United States. The plane was dismantled and taken to the states for a thorough examination. This was the impetus for the conversion of all aircraft with new electronics and equipment.

Video about MiG-25

Power point.

For the first time in the domestic aircraft industry, the MiG-25P used the low-pressure turbofan engine R-15B-300 designed by S.K. Tumansky (2x7500/11200 kgf).
The engine, which heats up at a speed of M=2.83 to a temperature of 1000°, was protected with a silver-plated steel screen. The total mass of silver used to cover the screen was 5 kg per aircraft. The MiG-25PD and PDS were equipped with the R15BD-300 turbofan engine (2x8800/11200 kgf). High-temperature T-6 kerosene was used as fuel. It was also used as a coolant in the cooling system.