Complex P-800 / 3K55 Onyx / Yakhont - SS-N-26 STROBILE

During the Cold War, the USSR and its allies paid more attention to the development of ground forces and missile weapons, while the United States and other NATO countries had superiority at sea and larger air forces. The USSR had nothing that could compare with the American carrier strike groups (AUG) - real floating airfields that could operate anywhere in the world.

Soviet generals and designers were looking for an effective means of countering AUG; anti-ship cruise missiles (ASC) looked the most promising in this direction. In addition, as the conflict developed in the European theater of operations (it was considered the main one in those years), it was important for the Soviet command to isolate it and disrupt the possibility of transferring troops and military equipment from overseas.

The development of new types of anti-ship cruise missiles began in the late 50s and continued until the collapse of the USSR. It is thanks to Soviet developments that the Russian Navy today has the most powerful and advanced anti-ship missiles. They are in service with both surface ships and submarines. This weapon has many characteristics that have no analogues in the world. A striking example of this is the P-800 Onyx anti-ship complex (3M55).

History of creation

The development of cruise missiles began even before the First World War, but the technological level of that time did not allow the creation of even a few successfully operating models. Only Nazi Germany was able to successfully solve this problem: at the end of the war, the Germans managed to create the first production cruise missile, the V-1, which was used for attacks against Great Britain.

However, these weapons did little to help the Nazis; they lost the war, and their missile developments fell into the hands of the Allies. After getting acquainted with captured samples, the USSR decided to begin work on creating their own cruise missiles, the work was headed by the talented designer Vladimir Chelomey.

Initially, cruise missiles were considered as an intercontinental means of delivering nuclear warheads, but it soon became clear that ballistic missiles were much more effective for these purposes.

Much more promising for Soviet generals, this type of weapon looked like a means of combating the ships of a potential enemy, and work began to boil in numerous Soviet design bureaus. In 1959, the Chelomey Design Bureau created the P-5 cruise missile for arming submarines, the appearance of which resembled a jet fighter. The P-5 had good characteristics and could carry a nuclear charge, but it could only be launched from a surface position. This deprived the submarine of its main advantage - stealth. Another solution was needed.

In 1969, development of a new anti-ship missile system began. Chelomey proposed creating a missile that could be launched from both surface ships and submarines. The new missile system was designated P-700 “Granit”; its development lasted almost fifteen years.

The P-700 was put into service in 1983; these missiles are still used by the Russian Navy today; they are rightfully considered the best in their class; in terms of their characteristics, Granit has no analogues in the world. However, despite its excellent characteristics, this rocket has one drawback, but it is very significant: the dimensions and weight of the rocket are too large.

The launcher for the Granit missile is not much inferior in size to the silos of sea-based intercontinental ballistic missiles. The submarines and surface ships that carry these missiles are among the largest in their class. Accordingly, their cost is high. By the way, we can add that many years ago the Americans abandoned the creation of heavy anti-ship cruise missiles.

Other Soviet missiles (P-15, Termit, Moskit, Malachite) could be installed on missile boats and other small ships, but their range was 80-120 kilometers, which was not enough to confidently destroy an AUG or a sea convoy . It was necessary to create a new anti-ship missile with smaller dimensions than the P-700, but with tactical and technical characteristics (tactical characteristics) at the level of operational-tactical missiles of the Granit type. It was supposed to be suitable for arming small ships.

Development of a new rocket began in 1981. It received the designation “Onyx” (3M55) and was supposed to become universal: they planned to arm both surface ships and submarines with this weapon, as well as provide the ability to launch Onyx from aircraft and coastal anti-ship systems. In terms of its versatility, it was supposed to surpass its American competitor, the Harpoon missile.

According to the technical specifications, the new missile had a significantly reduced warhead (up to 200 kg), the flight range was 300 km, and the missile was supposed to fly most of its trajectory at an altitude of 15-20 meters. A warhead of 200 kg is quite sufficient to destroy medium-sized ships, while salvo use of missiles was planned to destroy large ships.

When creating Onyx, the designers had difficulties with the versatility of the rocket: launching from submarines and surface ships required different modes at the initial stage of flight. But in the end, a universal solution was found.

Testing of the new anti-ship missile system was supposed to begin in 1987, but the process was somewhat delayed, and then the collapse of the USSR occurred. This led to the fact that work on Onyx was practically suspended for more than a decade. The first demonstration of the Onyx rocket to the general public took place in 1997. Only in 2002 this missile was put into service. In 1998, an agreement was signed with India to create the BrahMos missile - essentially a modification of the Onyx anti-ship missile system.

This anti-ship missile system does not fall under the restrictions of international treaties regarding missile weapons, and therefore has a very high export potential. The export modification of the P-800 is called “Yakhont”; it is already in service with several countries. The Yakhont warhead weighs slightly less and is 200 kg.

Options [edit]

• 3M55 Onyx
  - Basic version for Russia.
• P-800 Yakhont
  - Export version
  of Onyx
  .
• P-800 Bolid
  is a variant of
  Yakhont for
  submarines. [18]
• Brahmos
  - developed jointly by Russia and India based on Oniks, manufactured by BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited in India.
  BrahMos-II, a hypersonic version is also under development. [ citation needed
  ]
• Bastion-P
  - Coastal mobile missile system. It officially entered service in 2015. [19]
• The X-61
  is an air-to-ground variant.
• Onyx-M
  is a variant of Onyx with increased range (up to 800 km), accuracy and ECCM capabilities. [20]

Description of the rocket

The Onyx anti-ship cruise missile is created according to a normal aerodynamic design; it has folding trapezoidal wings, as well as folding tail surfaces. The good aerodynamic shape of the anti-ship missile and its high thrust-to-weight ratio provides the missile with high maneuverability, allowing it to evade enemy air defense and missile defense systems. In addition, the shape of the 3M55 missile makes it inconspicuous to enemy radar detection systems.

The rocket's power plant consists of a ramjet engine (ramjet engine), acceleration at the launch stage is provided by solid fuel boosters. The rocket's power plant allows it to reach speeds of Mach 2-3.5 over most of its flight path. The rocket's ceiling is 20 thousand meters.

The air intake cone is located in the center of the front part of the rocket; for anti-ship missiles with an underwater launch, it is covered with a round fairing, which is dropped immediately after the Onyx reaches the surface of the water. The rocket fuel is kerosene.

The air intake contains the guidance head, control equipment and warhead. “Onyx” is capable of destroying well-protected targets in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures; this missile is capable of identifying false targets, independently capturing and tracking a target. The missile's homing head (GOS) is capable of locking onto a target in any weather and hitting radio-contrast ground targets.

Immediately after the 3M55 rocket exits the launch container, the upper stage is turned on, which accelerates the rocket to two speeds of sound in a few seconds. After the combustion of the upper stage, the rocket's propulsion engine is turned on, which provides a flight speed of approximately Mach 2.5. The 3M55 guidance system is combined: for most of the trajectory it is inertial, and at the attack stage it is radar. The target detection range is 50 kilometers.

Onyx has on board a powerful computing complex, a radio altimeter, and a built-in self-monitoring system.

Immediately after launch, the missile rises to a height of 14 km, locks on the target, after which it turns off its radar and descends to the lowest possible altitude (10-15 meters). In the case of such a launch, the maximum flight range (300 km) is ensured, and the missile’s vulnerability to air defense systems is also significantly reduced.

There is another possible flight trajectory: with a height not exceeding 10-15 meters along the entire length of the trajectory. However, in this case, the flight range of the 3M55 is reduced, it is no more than 120 km.

The first type of trajectory allows the missile not only to lock on to a target, but also to select the most important target (if there are several of them), and also to reject false targets.

In addition to firing one missile, Onyx can also launch a salvo against a group of ships. In this case, the missiles are capable of distributing targets among themselves, preventing duplication in case of defeat, and developing attack tactics. After hitting the main target in the group, the missiles attack the secondary ones.

The on-board computer system contains data regarding the possible tactics of enemy air defense and electronic warfare, as well as electronic portraits of the main classes of modern ships and their probable construction. Using this data, the missiles can determine what exactly they are attacking: an AUG, a convoy or a landing group, and then independently choose the most effective tactics and draw up an effective attack plan.

Each missile is located in a special transport and launch container, which provides protection for the product during transportation. The missile launch angle is from 15 to 90 degrees, which allows them to be placed in inclined and vertical launch launchers. A rocket in a container is very convenient for storage (including long-term storage) and transportation. There is no need to supply liquids or gas to the container; the rocket does not need to be removed for technical inspection; all actions are carried out remotely.

The aviation modification of Onyx has some differences from missiles installed on surface ships and submarines. It has a shorter and lighter starting accelerator, the nozzle and air intake are covered with special fairings.

Notes

1. ↑. Of. Kommersant newspaper website (August 28, 2010). Retrieved January 11, 2014.
2. . www.aif.ru. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
3. (unavailable link). www.yellow.ml. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
4. (unavailable link). maailm.tk. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
5. . rusila.su. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
6. ↑. Website “Rocketry”. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
7. ↑. Of. NPO Mashinostroyenia website. — Advertising leaflet. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
8. Litovkin, Dmitry
   (8 August 2013).
9. (unavailable link). Retrieved May 31, 2010.
10. ↑ (inaccessible link). Retrieved April 23, 2014.
11. (Russian) (undefined)
    ?. army-news.ru. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
12. . rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
13. . testpilot.ru. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
14. . armedman.ru. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
15. (Russian) (undefined)
    ?. army-news.ru. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
16. . m.allpravda.info. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
17. (Russian) (undefined)
    ?. International news (September 25, 2019). Retrieved September 25, 2022.
18. Russian Ministry of Defense.
    (November 15, 2016). Retrieved November 15, 2016.

Advantages of the Onyx anti-ship missile system

This anti-ship cruise missile has a large number of advantages that are recognized by both domestic and foreign experts. There is an opinion that such cruise missiles will be the best in their class for many years to come. Their advantages include the following:

• significant (over-the-horizon) firing range;
• autonomy of Onyx's combat use: the missile itself captures and tracks the target;
• several different rocket flight trajectories (high+low, low only);
• high speed 3M55 and low flight altitude;
• the versatility of the missile system: it is fully suitable for surface ships, submarines, coastal systems and aviation;
• low radar signature;
• the ability to hit targets with a high level of electronic countermeasures.

Excerpt characterizing Onyx (anti-ship missile)

Pierre thought about it. “Yes... yes, I believe in God,” he said. “In that case...” Villarsky began, but Pierre interrupted him. “Yes, I believe in God,” he said again. “In that case, we can go,” said Villarsky. - My carriage is at your service. Villarsky was silent the whole way. To Pierre's questions about what he needed to do and how to answer, Villarsky only said that brothers more worthy of him would test him, and that Pierre needed nothing more than to tell the truth. Having entered the gate of a large house where the lodge was located, and walking along a dark staircase, they entered a lighted, small hallway, where, without the help of a servant, they took off their fur coats. From the hall they went into another room. Some man in a strange attire appeared at the door. Villarsky, coming out to meet him, said something quietly to him in French and went to a small closet, in which Pierre noticed clothes he had never seen before. Taking a handkerchief from the closet, Villarsky placed it over Pierre's eyes and tied it in a knot from behind, painfully catching his hair in the knot. Then he bent him towards him, kissed him and, taking him by the hand, led him somewhere. Pierre was in pain from the hair being pulled in by the knot; he winced in pain and smiled from shame for something. His huge figure with his arms down, with a wrinkled and smiling face, moved with uncertain timid steps behind Villarsky. After walking him ten steps, Villarsky stopped. “No matter what happens to you,” he said, “you must endure everything with courage if you firmly decide to join our brotherhood.” (Pierre answered in the affirmative by bowing his head.) When you hear a knock on the door, you will untie your eyes,” Villarsky added; – I wish you courage and success. And, shaking Pierre’s hand, Villarsky left. Left alone, Pierre continued to smile the same way. Once or twice he shrugged his shoulders, raised his hand to the handkerchief, as if wanting to take it off, and lowered it again. The five minutes he spent with his eyes tied seemed like an hour. His hands were swollen, his legs were giving way; he thought he was tired. He experienced the most complex and varied feelings. He was afraid of what would happen to him, and even more afraid of not showing fear. He was curious to know what would happen to him, what would be revealed to him; but most of all he was joyful that the moment had come when he would finally embark on that path of renewal and actively virtuous life, which he had dreamed of since his meeting with Osip Alekseevich. Strong knocks were heard on the door. Pierre took off the bandage and looked around him. The room was black and dark: only in one place was a lamp burning, in something white. Pierre came closer and saw that the lamp stood on a black table, on which lay one open book. The book was the Gospel; that white thing in which the lamp was burning was a human skull with its holes and teeth. Having read the first words of the Gospel: “In the beginning was the word and the word was to God,” Pierre walked around the table and saw a large open box filled with something. It was a coffin with bones. He was not at all surprised by what he saw. Hoping to enter into a completely new life, completely different from the previous one, he expected everything extraordinary, even more extraordinary than what he saw. The skull, the coffin, the Gospel - it seemed to him that he expected all this, expected even more. Trying to evoke a feeling of tenderness in himself, he looked around him. “God, death, love, brotherhood of people,” he said to himself, associating with these words vague but joyful ideas of something. The door opened and someone entered. In the dim light, which Pierre had already managed to take a closer look at, a short man entered. Apparently entering the darkness from the light, this man stopped; then, with careful steps, he moved towards the table and placed his small hands, covered with leather gloves, on it. This short man was dressed in a white leather apron that covered his chest and part of his legs, he had something like a necklace on his neck, and from behind the necklace protruded a tall, white frill that framed his elongated face, lit from below. – Why did you come here? - asked the newcomer, following the rustle made by Pierre, turning in his direction. - Why do you, who do not believe in the truths of the light and do not see the light, why did you come here, what do you want from us? Wisdom, virtue, enlightenment? At that moment the door opened and an unknown man entered, Pierre experienced a feeling of fear and reverence, similar to the one he experienced in confession as a child: he felt face to face with a complete stranger in terms of living conditions and with someone close to him, in the brotherhood of people, person. Pierre, with a breathless heartbeat, moved towards the rhetorician (that was the name in Freemasonry for the brother who prepares the seeker for entry into the brotherhood). Pierre, coming closer, recognized in the rhetorician a familiar person, Smolyaninov, but it was insulting to him to think that the person who entered was a familiar person: the person who entered was only a brother and a virtuous mentor. Pierre could not utter the words for a long time, so the rhetorician had to repeat his question. “Yes, I... I... want an update,” Pierre said with difficulty. “Okay,” said Smolyaninov, and immediately continued: “Do you have any idea about the means by which our holy order will help you achieve your goal?...” said the rhetorician calmly and quickly. “I... hope... guidance... help... in renewal,” said Pierre with a trembling voice and difficulty in speaking, arising both from excitement and from the unfamiliarity of speaking in Russian about abstract subjects. – What concept do you have about Freemasonry? – I mean that Frank Freemasonry is a fraterienité [brotherhood]; and the equality of people with virtuous goals,” said Pierre, ashamed as he spoke of the inconsistency of his words with the solemnity of the moment. I mean... “Okay,” the rhetorician said hastily, apparently quite satisfied with this answer. – Have you been looking for means to achieve your goal in religion? “No, I considered it unfair and did not follow it,” Pierre said so quietly that the rhetorician did not hear him and asked what he was saying. “I was an atheist,” answered Pierre. – You are looking for truth in order to follow its laws in life; therefore, you are seeking wisdom and virtue, are you not? - said the rhetorician after a minute of silence. “Yes, yes,” Pierre confirmed. The rhetorician cleared his throat, folded his gloved hands on his chest and began to speak: “Now I must reveal to you the main goal of our order,” he said, “and if this goal coincides with yours, then you will profitably join our brotherhood.” The first most important goal and overall foundation of our order, on which it is established, and which no human power can overthrow, is the preservation and transmission to posterity of some important sacrament... from the most ancient centuries and even from the first man who came down to us, from whom the sacraments can perhaps, the fate of the human race depends. But since this sacrament is of such a nature that no one can know it or use it unless one has prepared oneself through long-term and diligent purification, not everyone can hope to find it soon. Therefore, we have a second goal, which is to prepare our members as much as possible, correct their hearts, purify and enlighten their minds with those means that have been revealed to us by tradition from men who have labored in seeking this sacrament, and thereby make them capable of the perception of it. By purifying and correcting our members, we try, thirdly, to correct the entire human race, offering it in our members an example of piety and virtue, and thereby trying with all our might to resist the evil that reigns in the world. Think about this, and I will come to you again,” he said and left the room. “To resist the evil that reigns in the world...” Pierre repeated, and he imagined his future activities in this field. He imagined the same people as he himself was two weeks ago, and he mentally addressed them with an instructive and mentoring speech. He imagined vicious and unhappy people whom he helped in word and deed; imagined the oppressors from whom he saved their victims. Of the three goals named by the rhetorician, this last one - the correction of the human race - was especially close to Pierre. Some important sacrament mentioned by the rhetorician, although it incited his curiosity, did not seem significant to him; and the second goal, cleansing and correcting himself, occupied him little, because at that moment he felt with pleasure that he was already completely corrected from his previous vices and ready for only one good thing.

Application

Today, Onyx anti-ship missiles are in service with several countries. In Russia, this complex is installed on the Project 1234.7 Nakat missile ship, on the Project 21631 Buyan-M ships, as well as on the Severodvinsk MPLATKR. In 2014, this missile was installed on 35 Su-30 SM aircraft. In addition, it is “Onyx” that is the basis of the Bastion coastal complex.

In addition to Russia, the Onyx missile system is in service with Vietnam (2 units), Syria (unknown quantity) and Indonesia (unknown quantity). Indian Navy destroyers and frigates are armed with modifications of the Onyx missile (BrahMos), and the Indian Su-30 MKI is also armed with these missiles.

Links[edit]

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   . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
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    . Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
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12. ↑
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    "Some Syrian missiles escaped Israeli strike, officials say." New York Times
    . Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
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15. Eskaf Mahmoud (November 15, 2016). "Russian bombing of aircraft carrier in Syria hours after Putin and Trump call".
16. Litovkin, Dmitry (August 8, 2013). "Russian supersonic missiles behave like wolves".
17. [1]
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21. "Hezbollah Missiles and Missiles". Missile threat
    . Archived from the original on April 26, 2022.
22. ↑
    Amos Harel and Gili Cohen:
    Hezbollah: From Terrorist Group to Army
    , Haaretz, July 12, 2016 Quote: "Hezbollah now (compared to 2006) has Yakhont missiles with a longer range, greater precision and a variety of launch options.” [2] Archived September 17, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 13 +2016.
23. Ko Swee Lean Collin (31 May 2011). "Indonesia's Anti-Ship Missiles: A New Development in Naval Capabilities - Analysis". Eurasian Review
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33. "Russian Navy takes delivery of 49 cruise missiles". TASS
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35. "The Russian Pacific Fleet receives a new divisional set of the Bastion - Jane's 360 mobile coastal defense missile system". www.janes.com
    .
36. “TSAMTO / News / The Pacific Fleet received a new divisional set of the Bastion mobile coastal missile system.” www.armstrade.org
    .
37. https://tass.com/defense/1083915
38. https://tass.com/defense/1114951
39. https://tass.com/defense/1193591
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Specifications

Below are the performance characteristics (performance characteristics) of the P-800 Onyx anti-ship missile system.

Description

Platforms[edit]

Marine [edit]

Current

• Admiral Grigorovich class frigate
• Buyan-M class corvette
• Karakurt class corvette
• Steregushchiy class corvette (export version)
• Yasen-class submarine
• Ahmad Yani-class frigate
• Admiral Gorshkov class frigate

Future

• Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier
• Kirov battle cruiser
• Leader class destroyer
• Gremyashchy class corvette
• Oscar class submarine

Earth[edit]

Standard batteries K-300 Bastion-P (Bastion-P- P

movable):

• 4 self-propelled launchers K-340P with 2 Yakhont missiles (crew 3 people)
• 1–2 control vehicles (ASBU) PBRK (crew 5 people)
• 1 car alarm system (MOBD)
• 4 Transport-loading machines (TLV K342P)