SAU 2S1 Gvozdika 122 mm Firing range. Dimensions. Device. Weight
The self-propelled gun 2S1 “Gvozdika” was created in 1969 at OKB-9 two years after the resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued. During the fighting during the Great Patriotic War, self-propelled guns performed the same functions as tanks, so after the war they were supplanted for a long time by more effective, albeit expensive, tanks. It was only in 1965 that self-propelled artillery was revived, when designers began work on creating a new generation of self-propelled guns.
Creation and development of the first self-propelled gun mounts in the Soviet Union
In all times of wars and battles, equipment was needed that could accompany the advancing troops and support them with fire. Artillery weapons had many varieties. But all of it was not mobile.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the level of knowledge of designers allowed them to start creating self-propelled guns. In 1916, V.D. Mendeleev proposed his development to the military - a very heavy vehicle on tracks, the “Armored Vehicle”. It had protective armor and a cannon. In the same year, artillery colonel Gulkevich proposed a project for a self-propelled tractor. It was built at the Obukhov steel plant. It was armed with a 3-inch cannon and 2 machine guns and covered with armor. The following year, designer N. N. Lebedenko created a combat vehicle on two wheels. In 1920, Russian industrialists in Nizhny Novgorod produced a whole batch of tanks. They got the idea for the creation from the French after studying a captured tank.
In the 1920s, the development of machines was taken seriously. A competition was announced for the best proposal for the design and construction of armored vehicles. In 1922, the AM motor ship project received first prize. Despite the mass of 10 tons, the car could float on water. At the same time, it was armed with a 76 mm cannon.
The creation of the Commission for Special Artillery Experiments was of great importance for the development of new types of guns. Under the leadership of the former general of the Russian army V. M. Trofimov, the committee studied the problems of ballistics and developed new types of weapons.
In 1922-23 created a battalion artillery self-propelled gun on. At that time, the country was not in the best position; the industrial and economic base did not provide the opportunity to engage in mass production of these installations. In the late 20s and early 30s, the following people worked on the creation of new types of weapons. Kalinina No. 8, “Red Arsenal” No. 7, Kharkov Locomotive Building, “Bolshevik” - as well as many designers.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, almost no attention was paid to self-propelled artillery and they returned to this issue after the victory.
Filming inside 2S1 Gvozdika during shooting
At the same time, all the shortcomings of wartime self-propelled guns were taken into account and, if possible, eliminated: small horizontal gun aiming angles, a rather low rate of fire, limited visibility from fixed conning towers. As a result, several cars appeared, which were given names: “Carnation”, “Acacia”, “Tulip”, “Hyacinth”. “Gvozdika” was put into service in 1971 and was intended to eliminate enemy personnel and destroy enemy fortifications.
The vehicle was placed on the chassis of an MT-LB tractor. Rubber-metal tracks and rollers with individual torsion bar suspension ensured good maneuverability and maneuverability of the vehicle. The hull is completely sealed, and movement over water obstacles is carried out by rewinding tracks with rubber-metal hinges. The machine is capable of reaching speeds of up to 4.5 km/h on water, as well as crossing bodies of water up to 300 m wide with a wave height of up to 150 mm and a current speed of no more than 0.6 m/s.
The body of the self-propelled gun is made of steel sheets. The Gvozdika's bulletproof armor can withstand a 7.62 mm B-32 rifle bullet from a distance of 300 m. The driver's cabin and engine compartment are located in the front of the hull, and the fighting compartment is in the rear. The turret, which rotates 360* using an electric or manual drive, houses the commander, gunner and loader.
The machine is equipped with a V-shaped 8-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine YaMZ-238V. The gearbox has 6 forward and 1 reverse gears. Fuel tanks with a total capacity of 550 liters are located in the walls of the hull sides, sequentially connected to each other, three on each side.
“Gvozdika” is armed with a D-32 howitzer with a monoblock barrel with a two-chamber muzzle brake and an ejector to remove residual powder gases. To facilitate loading the howitzer, an electromechanical type loading mechanism is used. If shells lying on the ground are taken for firing, they are fed into the fighting compartment using a transport device through the large rear door. The vertical aiming angles of the howitzer barrel range from -3 to +70°. The firing range varies from 4070 m to 15200 m. When firing from the ground, the self-propelled gun is capable of firing 4-5 rounds per minute, and from the side - 1-2 rounds per minute. The fire control system consists of a PG-2 periscopic sight, panoramic and optical sights.
The gun's ammunition includes 35 high-explosive fragmentation and five cumulative separately loaded projectiles. In this case, a wide range of projectiles is used: lighting, propaganda, chemical, smoke, electronic countermeasures projectiles and with special arrow-shaped striking elements, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation. In 1967, designers worked on creating howitzers for cap-loading self-propelled guns: D-16 and D-16M, but these guns were not included in the series.
Scheme 2S1 “Carnation”
Due to its light weight, the self-propelled gun can be transported using An-12, An-124 and Il-74 aircraft. In this case, the reduction in height is achieved by lifting and securing the road wheels (from the second to the seventh) with special devices. This vehicle has long been and remains in service with all armies of the Warsaw Pact countries to this day. Today, Gvozdika* has a laser-guided projectile, Kitolov-2, specially designed for self-propelled guns. The projectile is capable of hitting stationary and moving targets with a high degree of probability.
Options and modifications
2S1M1 - Russian modernized version with the installation of ASUNO 1V168-1.
2S34 “Khosta” is a Russian modernized version of the 2S1, in which the 2A31 howitzer is replaced by a 2A80-1 gun, and a 7.62-mm PKT machine gun is installed on the commander’s turret. Developed in 2003 and entered service with the Russian Army in 2008.
2C1T Goździk - Polish modernized version with installation of ASUNO TOPAZ.
Rak-120 - developed in 2008-2009. Polish modernized version with the replacement of the 2A31 gun with a 120-mm smoothbore mortar equipped with an automatic loader. Carryable ammunition has been increased from 40 to 60 rounds, but there is no data on the start of mass production of this modification.
The Model 89 is a variant developed in Romania in the 1980s. It differs from the 2S1 in its base chassis - instead of the modified MT-LB base, the MLI-84 BMP chassis was used.
Raad-1 (Arabic: الرعد-1, Thunder-1) is an Iranian 122 mm self-propelled howitzer, developed in 1996 and put into mass production since 2002. It differs from the 2S1 in its basic chassis; instead of the MT-LB, the Iranian Boragh infantry fighting vehicle is used.
Performance characteristics of 2S1 Gvozdika
— Layout: front-engine — Developer: KhTZ Plant No. 9 — Years of production: from 1969 to 1991 — Years of operation: since 1971 — Number of produced, pcs.: more than 10,000
— Crew, people: 4
Dimensions 2С1 Carnation
— Body length, mm: 7260 — Length with gun forward, mm: 7260 — Width, mm: 2850 — Height, mm: 2725 — Base, mm: 4445 — Track, mm: 2500 — Ground clearance, mm: 400
Weight 2S1 Carnation
— Combat weight, t: 15.7
Reservation 2S1 Gvozdika
— Armor type: rolled steel, bulletproof — Hull forehead, mm/deg.: 15 — Turret forehead, mm/deg.: 20
Armament 2S1 Gvozdika
— Caliber and brand of gun: 122-mm 2A31 — Gun type: rifled howitzer — Barrel length, calibers: 35.0 — Gun ammunition: 40 — VN angles, degrees: −3…+70° — GN angles, degrees: 360°
Firing range of 2S1 Gvozdika
— up to 15.2 km
— Sights: PG-2, OP5-37, TKN-3B
Engine 2S1 Gvozdika
— Engine type: YaMZ-238N — Engine power, l. pp.: 300
Speed 2S1 Gvozdika
— Highway speed, km/h: 60 — Cross-country speed, km/h: 26–32, 4.5 afloat
— Cruising range on the highway, km: 500 — Fuel tank capacity, l: 550 — Specific power, l. s./t: 19.1 — Suspension type: individual torsion bar, with hydraulic shock absorbers — Specific ground pressure, kg/cm²: 0.492
— Overcome ascent, degrees: 35° — Overcome wall, m: 0.7 — Overcome ditch, m: 3.0 — Overcome ford, m: floating.
What is a howitzer
The word "howitzer" comes from the German haubitze. Translated, this means a weapon that is designed to throw stones. If we talk about an artillery gun, a howitzer is a military device for firing at ground targets at an angle of 70 degrees. If you open a dictionary, the meaning of this word is described in different ways, but the basic meaning does not change.
A howitzer is the same gun, but with a shorter barrel length. The speed of the projectile at the beginning of its movement is also inferior to the speed of the cannon. The walls in the howitzer barrel are made thinner. If these two guns have the same caliber, then their weight is significantly different. The gun is much heavier.
The Gvozdika self-propelled gun is an artillery system that is still used by the armed forces of various countries.
Photo 2С1 Carnation
Landing from the Zubr self-propelled gunship 2S1 Gvozdika
Inside 2S1 Gvozdika
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