AN-94 Abakan - video
When the new 5.45mm caliber cartridge was adopted by the Soviet Army, it was understood that the modernized Kalashnikov AK-74 assault rifle and light machine gun, which were accepted with it, would eventually be replaced with more advanced and effective small arms. The research and then competition topic under the code name “Abakan” was started precisely to create a fundamentally new model of individual small arms of 5.45mm caliber to replace the AK-74. Within the framework of the “Abakan” theme, a large number of design teams worked under the leadership of some very venerable designers. However, the victory in the competition went to a design developed by designer Gennady Nikonov at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant (IZHMASH) under the name ASN. Why the victory went to this particular model can only be debated if you have the full results of official tests, but one way or another, in 1994, the Nikonov assault rifle was officially adopted by the Russian Army under the designation AN-94.
It was initially planned that the AN-94 would eventually replace all AK-74 and AKM assault rifles in the army, however, in light of recent trends and taking into account the design features of the AN-94, this assault rifle became the weapon of the elite of the Russian Army and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The AN-94 requires much longer training than the AK-74, and therefore is of little use for conscripts, and the Army does not have the money for complete rearmament. Currently, AN-94 assault rifles are in service with a number of units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Republic of Armenia in Chechnya (mostly staffed by professionals, not conscripts), as well as in the Taman division.
There are many different opinions about the AN-94 assault rifle, but here is my personal opinion, formed on the basis of existing publications, as well as communication with people who have personal experience using the AN-94. So, the main distinguishing feature of the AN-94 over the AK-74 from the point of view of combat use is the introduction of an additional fire mode in bursts of 2 rounds at a high rate. This mode of fire ensures high accuracy and accuracy of hits - according to people who shot from the AN-94, an experienced shooter can put both bullets into one hole in the target at 100 meters. Such shooting significantly increases the chances of hitting a target compared to single aimed shooting, significantly increasing the lethal, stopping and armor-piercing effect of bullets. In fact, the 2-round fast fire mode is a replacement for the single fire mode, which is necessary due to the insufficient effectiveness of 5.56mm bullets.
In single-shot and long-burst fire modes, the AN-94 does not have a significant advantage over the AK-74. From the point of view of ergonomics, there are also no significant improvements - I myself once held the AN-94 in my hands and it did not seem to me any more comfortable than the AK-74M. The price for the few, frankly speaking, advantages obtained was a significant complication of the weapon design , and a significant complication of its maintenance, assembly and disassembly. It takes no more than 10 hours to learn how to assemble and disassemble an AK-74, while for the AN-94 it takes weeks. But what is especially surprising is that despite all the complexity of the design, Nikonov managed to achieve exceptionally high reliability of the design of his machine gun. If only the ergonomics were at the same high level...
I must warn you right away that this description does not pretend to be complete; in particular, I will practically not describe the very complex firing mechanism (trigger mechanism) of this machine gun.
The heart of the AN-94 is a more or less traditional automatic gas control unit with locking by turning the bolt. The barrel with the gas chamber and gas tube located above it is mounted on the receiver, inside which the bolt frame with a rotary bolt moves horizontally. Inside the receiver behind the bolt frame there is a return spring for the bolt group and an additional buffer that accelerates the roll of the bolt group when moving forward. The entire receiver is completely hidden inside the plastic body of the machine gun and can move back and forth inside the body under the influence of recoil when firing. Under the movable receiver on the left in the body there is a return spring of the bolt box, which is why the magazine is deflected to the right. The rod protruding from the body of the machine gun under the barrel is the front guide for the moving group, and also serves to mount the under-barrel grenade launcher.
Due to the fact that the magazine is stationary when firing, and the barrel chamber moves back and forth in space, Nikonov had to introduce a two-stage cartridge supply scheme with an intermediate chamber located in the lower part of the movable receiver, and an additional rammer connected to the bolt frame using a flexible steel cable passing through a large pulley located on the left side of the receiver. Whenever the bolt frame moves backward, the cable pulls the rammer forward, and it pushes the top cartridge out of the magazine and feeds it into the intermediate chamber immediately behind the breech end of the barrel. When the bolt frame moves forward, the bolt picks up a cartridge from the intermediate chamber and sends it into the barrel, and the rammer returns back to the next cartridge in the magazine. When the bolt frame moves backward, the hammer, located in the rear of the movable receiver and connected to the trigger by a rather complex system of rods and levers, is also cocked.
When firing automatic fire with two-round bursts or long bursts, the first two shots are fired at a high rate (1800 rounds per minute), while the entire bolt box rolls back smoothly under the influence of recoil inside the weapon body. The recoil of the receiver ends after the first two bullets have left the barrel, and only at this moment the full recoil impulse begins to act on the body of the weapon and on the shooter, displacing the weapon in space and knocking down the sight. That is why the AN-94 assault rifle is called a “weapon with a displaced recoil impulse,” for some reason omitting the fact that the impulse is shifted in time and not in space. If the weapon was set to fire 2 rounds at a time, then after the 2nd shot the hammer is locked in the cocked state, the entire moving system returns forward under the action of the return spring, while the next (3rd) cartridge is already in the barrel, and to continue firing it must be released and press the trigger again. If the machine gun was in long burst mode, then after the 2nd shot, as usual, the spent cartridge case is removed and the 3rd cartridge is chambered. In this case, however, the hammer is automatically held in the cocked position until the moving system has completely returned to the forward position, after which the self-timer releases the hammer and fires a shot. Starting from the 3rd shot, the self-timer fires only once during the full rollback cycle of the moving system, ensuring a low (600 rounds per minute) rate of fire.
The selection of fire modes is carried out by a separate translator located on the left side of the weapon body, above the trigger guard. The translator has 3 positions, marked “OD” (single shots), “2” (2-shot burst) and “AB” (random-length burst). A two-position safety in the form of a transverse button is located at the trigger guard. The charging handle is located on the right directly on the bolt frame.
Sighting devices include a front sight in the muzzle, adjustable when zeroing, and a diopter rear sight with 5 different apertures, made in the form of a five-rayed rotating star with holes in the rays. The selection of the desired firing range is carried out by rotating the star until the aperture with the desired marking is placed on the aiming line. Despite the lengthening of the line of sight compared to the AK-74, this sight also has disadvantages - the holes in the rear sight have a small diameter, which makes it difficult to shoot in low illumination of the target, as well as cleaning if the holes in the rear sight become dirty in combat conditions. On the left side of the weapon body there is a universal rail for attaching day and night optical, collimator and IR sights.
The butt of the weapon is foldable on the right side, made of impact-resistant plastic, as is the body with the forend. On the muzzle of the barrel there is an original quick-release muzzle brake in the form of the number “8” placed on its side. The base of the front sight bears a lug at the bottom left for attaching a bayonet. The bayonet-knife is mounted horizontally, to the right of the barrel, and when attached does not interfere with firing from an under-barrel grenade launcher. Due to the design features of the AN-94, the 40mm GP-30 underbarrel grenade launcher is attached to it through a special additional bracket.
The AN-94 is fed from standard box magazines from the AK-74 and RPK-74 for 30 and 45 rounds, respectively. In addition, it is possible to use new four-row box magazines with 60 rounds.
Partial disassembly of AN-94 Abakan
The end of the Kalashnikov era?
Russian firearms are deservedly renowned for their lethality, reliability and simplicity. The most striking example is the famous Kalashnikov, the production of which requires relatively low costs, but its combat effectiveness is off the charts. This explains the unique fact that the main current small arms of the Russian army are even depicted on the state symbols of some foreign countries. However, this masterpiece also has its drawbacks. Progress cannot be stopped; military experience dictates new requirements, which the reliable old AK no longer always meets. One of the possible options for replacing it is the Nikonov AN-94 assault rifle.
Performance characteristics of the AN-94 Abakan
— Adopted: 1997 — Designer: Nikonov, Gennady Nikolaevich — Manufacturer: Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant
Weight AN-94 Abakan
— 3.85 kg (without magazine); 4.2 kg (with magazine and optical sight 1PN29)
Dimensions AN-94 Abakan
— Length, mm: 943 (with the butt unfolded); 728 (with folded stock) - Barrel length, mm: 405
Cartridge AN-94 Abakan
— 5.45×39 mm
Caliber AN-94 Abakan
— 5.45 mm
Rate of fire AN-94 Abakan
— 600 (automatic mode), 1800 (with cutoff 2 rounds) rounds/min
AN-94 Abakan bullet speed
— 900 m/s
Sighting range of AN-94 Abakan
— 700 meters
AN-94 Abakan magazine capacity
— sector magazine for 30 rounds from AK74, 45 from RPK-74, four-row for 60 rounds
Sight: adjustable diopter (can install various optical and night sights Operating principles: rotating bolt, removal of powder gases, free rollback of the moving firing unit
Application and prospects
By 2000, the AN-94 was in service with individual paramilitary units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the army. In particular, in the special forces of the DON, OSN "Vityaz", Izhevsk SOBR. Since the design of the machine is quite complex and operation requires increased skill, a complete transition to this model was not planned.
The future prospects for this weapon are not entirely clear. On the one hand, the AN-94 assault rifle is endowed with some obvious advantages over the AK in service and its modifications, on the other hand, there are some design difficulties. Nevertheless, the Nikonov assault rifle aroused keen interest from foreign arms manufacturers. This is a reliable fact. It is also superior to many types of small arms that are in service with other countries. This is a significant advantage. At the competition, this model showed its advantages, mainly not during assault combat, but when repelling an attack on fortified points and due to the accuracy of a short burst. This is where it is not the density of concentrated fire that is extremely important, but the reliability of hitting single targets.
Photo AN-94 Abakan
AN-94 Abakan with 1P29 sight
AN-94 Abakan and NSPU-3 night sight, magazines and cleaning accessories
AN-94 Abakan firing unit
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Comments
0 Gramovich 03/15/2017 08:57 Well, what can I say. I admire Nikonov because he created such a weapon using such solutions in it. But still, this machine is doubtful in its use
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-1 77Fealin 03/15/2017 08:59 Here it is necessary to clearly separate shooting and real battle conditions, if you shoot, then the Kalash and the Aek are more pleasant, and if in battle the Abakan gives the first advantage, then it doesn’t matter at all with which barrel the enemy on the other side of the Abakan’s sight is, yes, it is more complex, but the army should not degrade the rest, as they say here, it can and should be improved, but the machine gun is fundamentally different, as was said, the machine gun may be highly specialized for its tasks, unlike the Kalash-like ones, but in its specialization it is the best in the world.
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0 Voldemar 03/15/2017 09:00 Victory of technology over common sense. Watch the video of the disassembly and assembly of the machine. It's on YouTube. A wildly overcomplicated system. A movable firing unit, a pulley with a cable... Tin, in short. If it jams, it will take you an hour to disassemble and reassemble. Removed from service in 2009.
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0 Cashan 03/15/2017 09:01 Claims about the reliability and complexity of the mechanism. In general, a chip with a cut-off of two rounds can be said to be perfectly aimed at a bomb. Of course, I haven’t shot with it myself, but maybe someday.
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0 Voldemar 03/15/2017 09:02 One wise man asked a reasonable question: why the hell hit the same point twice? Maybe just take a more powerful cartridge and shoot once? One 7.62 cartridge weighs less than two 5.45 cartridges.
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+1 Sergeev 03/15/2017 09:17 If only we could finalize it, then there would be a result. Firstly, they adopted the barrel without running it in, at a time when the military-industrial complex was on its last legs and there was nothing to improve the design. The American AR15 -M16 has been refined for 40 years. And precision weapons are always afraid of contamination. One of the downsides is that its sight could be changed, and probably the weight too. Weapons plastic, for example, is difficult to disassemble and clean, yeah, I would like to see someone who will disassemble any machine gun in battle. Of course, the AK74 is more reliable, but when firing in bursts, the spread is up to a meter. In the army they always taught not to fire in bursts, it’s useless, a maximum burst of 3-4 shots. But the advantages are immediately visible, the barrel practically does not lift up, and the recoil is successfully suppressed.
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0 Pustovar 03/15/2017 09:21 The first time I saw the Abakan scheme, it immediately seemed to me that the designer was an American spy, they argued with me a lot, they wanted to convince me that the principle of an aircraft cannon on an assault rifle was cool, but it turned out that I was not the only one who thought so.
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0 Kovalev 03/15/2017 09:22 Firstly, optics are installed on it, and secondly, it was designed to pierce heavy army body armor in mode 2, without switching the army to a new cartridge
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0 Assa 03/15/2017 09:24 Yes, it was removed for a number of reasons, but the main one is that almost everything in the country is based on AK (starting from military training, and therefore the skill and habit FROM school, ending with the dacha of the chief designer and production secrets...). I think the AK, at the initial stage, faced big problems when receiving it... Well, you must agree, it’s difficult to compete with the best machine gun of the 20th, and maybe the next centuries. Competition is good. It's good to have a weapon that you trust and are trained to use. AK, PM. Tick-tock.
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0 mrakmrak 03/15/2017 09:27 Interesting concept. Firing two accurate bullets at a quickly running enemy has a better chance than one accurate bullet and the rest after the recoil impulse. But reliability and quick elimination of delays are of course more important. It's a pity.
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0 miha 03/15/2017 09:35 Assembly and disassembly of the AN-94, nothing complicated. The machine passed ALL the tests that the AK passed (this is about sensitivity to pollution) - this was stipulated by the terms of the competition. Regarding the diopter, it is widely used in the world, it works. Removed from service in 2009 by Serdyukov (he decided to write off the T-80, and stopped purchasing the T-90; his task was to reduce the range of weapons in order to save money and uniformity). As for weight, it is half a kilo (500 grams) heavier than the AK-74. By the way, the AN-94 is used in the 25th special forces brigade “Scorpion” of the Kyrgyz Armed Forces. Flashed in the hands of “polite people” in Crimea.
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Update list of comments
Analogue competitors
There are similar designs that can be successfully used for mass army rearmament. A likely competitor to the AN-94 is the AEK-971 model, which has balanced automatics. However, the AEK-971 has slightly worse accuracy in a short burst than the Abakan. But in this regard there are certain advantages. This lies in the fact that the AEK-971 is superior to the AK-74 and Abakan when firing in long bursts, while this analogue is simpler, lighter and cheaper than the AN-94. There are also modifications “AK-108” and “AK-107”, which are similar to the “AEK-971” and have improved automation.
Advantages
In this case, the following is taken into account:
- A standard cartridge is capable of providing a fairly high lethal and penetrating effect of the bullet.
- The machine gun is convenient for aiming and holding.
- He has good applicability.
- It has higher accuracy and accuracy of fire than the AK, especially when firing in fixed bursts.
- The recoil is practically not noticeable. As a result of this, when firing in fixed-type bursts, you can hold the machine gun in your hands without resting the butt on your shoulder.
- The “soft” sound of the shot is not depressing.
- The firing range of the AN-94 is 1.2 - 1.3 times more effective than the AK.
