Light machine gun
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Type of light machine gun
| Type 99 light machine gun | |
| Type 99 light machine gun at the New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. | |
| Type | Light machine gun |
| Place of origin | Empire of Japan |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1939–1945 |
| Used | See Users |
| Wars | Second Sino-Japanese War Second World War Indonesian National Revolution Hukbalahap Rebellion [ citation needed ] Korean War Chinese Civil War First Indochina War Vietnam War (limited) |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Kijiro Nambu |
| Designed by | 1939 |
| Produced | 1939–1945 |
| No. built | 53 000 |
| Characteristics | |
| Weight | 10.4 kg (22.9 lb) |
| Length | 1181 mm (46.5 in) |
| Barrel length | 550 mm (21.7 in) |
| Cartridge | 7.7×58mm Arisaka 7.62×54mmR (converted to VPA) [ citation needed ] |
| Caliber | 0.311 in (7.9 mm) |
| Action | Gas |
| Rate of fire | 800 rounds per minute |
| starting speed | 2,346 feet per second (715 m/s) |
| Effective firing range | 2000 m (2200 yd) |
| Maximum firing range | 3,500 m (3,800 yd) (7.7×58mm Arisaka) |
| Feeding system | 30-round detachable box magazine |
Type 99 light machine gun
(九九式軽機関銃, kyukyu-shiki Kei-kikanjū) was a light machine gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. [1]
History and development[edit]
A Japanese soldier uses his comrade as an anti-aircraft bipod for his Type 99
US Marines pose with a captured Type 99 with bayonet
The Japanese Army used the Type 96 light machine gun, an improvement over the previous Type 11 light machine gun. The Type 96 entered service in 1936 and quickly established itself as a versatile weapon for covering advancing infantry. [2] Both the earlier Type 11 and current Type 96 light machine guns use the same 6.5x50mmSR Arisaka cartridges as the Type 38 infantry rifle. [3] Using the same ammunition in both guns simplified supply and had the added advantage that any member of the squad could supply ammunition for the light machine gun or vice versa
.
However, in 1939, the Japanese Army switched to a larger and more powerful 7.7 mm cartridge, which also did not have a rim, which improved handling of the cartridge. This more powerful cartridge: 3136 J energy, compared to the earlier Arisaka 6.5x50mm SR: 1966 J energy, required a firearm with more steel, larger springs, and a heavier bolt to handle the additional forces. This required a switch from the Type 38 rifle to the Type 99 rifle, which could handle a more powerful round. Likewise, a new version of the reliable Type 96 light machine gun had to be developed that could also use this new larger caliber; thus, the advantages of conventional ammunition between riflemen and machine gunners could be maintained. The Type 99 light machine gun was produced at the Kokura, Nagoya Arsenal and Mukden factories, with a total of about 53,000 weapons produced. [4]
Ho-103 (101,102,104). Japan
There was a historical anecdote with large-caliber machine guns for Japanese aircraft. The Japanese Air Force, having entered the war in China, immediately thought about the need to strengthen its weapons. And since in terms of development on their own in Japan in those years everything was very bad, the imperial military bowed to the allies.
The Japanese would like to purchase a license for the latest German machine gun MG.131, but were completely refused. The Germans did not dare to take such a step, being somewhat confused. Firstly, Germany in 1939-40 had complete love and understanding with the USSR. Necessary strategic materials flowed like a river from the Soviet Union.
At the same time, the USSR gave Japan a cold shower at Khasan and Khalkhin Gol. And Japan was not such a great supplier. Therefore, in the end, the pragmatic Germans decided not to quarrel with Stalin ahead of time by selling some kind of machine gun to the Japanese.
As a result, the Japanese Air Force was left without a heavy machine gun at all, and this problem could only be solved by 1941. But how... Quite a decent number of American Browning M1921 machine guns were captured in China.
The Japanese, in the best traditions, simply copied the machine gun (not the worst, yes), without bothering with a license at all. But in order not to quarrel with the United States completely and irrevocably, the machine gun was chambered for... the Italian cartridge 12.7x81SR!
The one with the explosive cartridge.
As a result, in 1941, the excellent heavy machine gun No-103 was adopted by the Japanese army (we emphasize) aviation, which fully satisfied the needs of the Air Force, both in offensive and defensive weapons.
The machine gun turned out to be light, compact, reliable and quick-firing (in the wing or turret version). There were also disadvantages. Like all Browning machine guns, it was difficult to synchronize, sacrificing in rate of fire. Plus a weaker Italian cartridge.
But the main drawback was that the machine gun synchronized with the engine in certain engine operating modes reduced the rate of fire from the stated 900 rounds/min to 400! But over time, having rebelled, the pilots of the Nakajima Ki-43 fighters (which were first used by the No-103) became accustomed to using in battle those engine modes that did not reduce the rate of fire.
Almost all Japanese military land fighters were armed with several of these machine guns, both synchronized and wing-mounted. But the Japanese gunsmiths were unable to overcome the drop in the rate of fire.
Advantages: reliability.
Disadvantages: low rate of fire in the synchronized version.
Design[edit]
The Type 99 was essentially the same design as the Type 96 light machine gun, and shared a number of parts. However, it did without an oiler and had better primary recovery, improving reliability over its predecessors. Early models had a single stock rest and a muzzle-mounted flash suppressor that screwed onto the threaded portion of the gun barrel. [3] The curved detachable box magazine located on top held 30 rounds, and the finned barrel could be quickly replaced to avoid overheating. Like its predecessor, the Type 96, the Type 99 bears a clear resemblance to the British Bren gun.
The Type 99 had a paddle front sight and a leaf rear sight, graduated from 200 to 1500 meters with windage adjustment. On the right side of the gun it was possible to install a 2.5X optical sight with a field of view of 10 degrees. [3] They were often issued to the best marksmen in a unit and were sometimes used as a sniper rifle. A standard infantry bayonet could be attached to a gas block under the barrel, but on the battlefield this feature proved inconsequential due to the weight of the gun and the fact that the flash suppressor largely covered the blade when it was attached to the muzzle. . [5]
What were you smoking, samurai?
But perhaps the most outstanding creation of the Japanese technical genius is patent No. 001841 dated February 18, 1936, embodied in metal. Have you ever made carbide bombs with water as a child? Jotaro Endo’s “Shooting Simulator” works on exactly the same principle. The acetylene mixture produced by the generator was supplied through a hose to the valve. The first number of the calculation turned the lever on the right side of the product body and activated a rod made of ferrocerium or magnesium alloy. The rod rubbed against the ratchet and gave a spark, the gaseous explosive mixture went “BOOM!”
It was especially emphasized that as a result, the first number of the rifle crew experienced “almost real” recoil and the sound of a shot. In addition, such a simulator did without cartridges and was therefore much cheaper to operate than its “real-life” counterparts. Of course, there could be no talk of any serious unification of training models (interchangeability of spare parts, etc.) with this approach. There was also no real possibility of converting them into military weapons - the shooting toy remained a toy, and did not help the Japanese troops in any way in 1945.
After the end of the war, “Kyurenkey-Kikandzhiu” would probably have been completely forgotten by the whole world if not for the Americans. Foreigners with a penchant for exoticism took home quite a significant number of “training machine guns” of all kinds as souvenirs.
Combat report [edit]
IJA paratroopers armed with Type 99s during the Battle of Palembang
The Type 99 entered service in 1939 and was used side by side with the older Type 11 and Type 96 as these models were produced in large numbers and many front line troops continued to use the Type 38 with their rifles. Ammunition of 6.5 mm caliber. All three weapons remained in service until the end of the war. [6] The Type 99 was used by communist forces (Chinese and North Korean armies) during the Korean War. [7] It was used by the Viet Minh and North Vietnamese forces during the First and Second Indochina Wars. [8]
Early examples of Japanese rifles
And this story began immediately after the end of the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, when the Japanese military was finally convinced that the possibilities for modernizing the rifle designed by Major Murata had already been more than completely exhausted. Only 15 years have passed since this model was adopted by the Japanese army, but by the standards of the then explosive progress in the field of firearms, this was already two whole generations ago. Suffice it to say that this rifle began its service as a single-shot rifle chambered for an 11-mm black powder cartridge, then was re-barreled for an 8-mm cartridge, then transferred to smokeless ammunition and, finally, converted into a magazine rifle. In general, it repeated the career of many rifles of that time.
Murata rifle. On top is the 11mm original model arr. 13 (1880), below 8-mm magazine model. 22 (1889)
Users[edit]
| This section requires additional links for verification . |
- Japan [10]
- Philippines
- People's Republic of China
- republic of china
- Indonesia: Used in limited quantities [11]
- North Korea [12]
- Vietnam [8]
Ineffectiveness of the national approach
It would seem that such a number of quite decent “training” samples, the automation of which worked on the principle of blowback, should sooner or later push designers to create submachine guns of a similar design - take it and use it! Moreover, the army’s request for this type of very effective melee weapon has existed for a long time. But, no matter how crazy it may sound, the situation was completely described by a phrase from a sadistic children's joke: “No legs, no cartoons.”
There was no one to create a PP: in the structure of the Japanese army units there was simply no position of a machine gunner and military officials were in no hurry to introduce it. Mass production of submachine guns was established only after 1942, and it was a necessary measure - the Japanese then finally clashed with the Americans in a short battle, and among the Yankees, the Tommy Gun was a very common weapon and perfectly showed its advantages over store-bought ones. rifles.
As a result, the total production of all modifications of the Type 100 SMG was, according to the most optimistic estimates, a pitiful 27 thousand units. The Type 100 did not have a serious impact on the conduct of combat operations; the main personal weapon of the soldier until the end of the war remained a repeating rifle with a manual reloading.
Thus, the Japanese view of the “firearm” (as opposed to the CVP system) showed its ineffectiveness. It's probably for the better.
PS. The author thanks Andrei Tsvershits for his help in creating the material.
Notes[edit]
- ↑
Bishop, Encyclopedia of World War II Weapons. - Meyer, The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. p.53
- ^ abc [1] TM-E 30-480 (1945)
- [2] JapaneseWeapons.net
- ^ ab "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved January 4, 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Modern firearms
- ↑
Morse,
Japanese Small Arms of World War II; Light machine guns models 11, 96, 99, 97 and 92 - Kinard, Jeff (2010). "Machine guns". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G., Jr. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Korean War: Political, Social and Military History. 1. A.L. (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-85109-849-1.
- ^ a b Ezell, Edward Clinton (1988). Personal firepower. An Illustrated History of the Vietnam War 15. Bantam Books. pp. 47-49. OCLC 1036801376.
- McCollum Ian (February 2, 2019). "Firing the Type 99 Nambu in 7.62mm NATO". YouTube (Forgotten Weapons)
. Retrieved December 27, 2022. - "Guns Of The Rising SunGuns Magazine.com - Guns Magazine.com". gunsmagazine.com
. - Bloomfield, Lincoln P.; Leiss, Amelia Catherine (30 June 1967). Managing Local Conflict: A Design Study on Arms Control and Limited War in Developing Regions (PDF). 3
. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies. p. 92. hdl: 2027 / uiug.30112064404368. - "Mukden Arsenal after World War II". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com
. April 3, 2022
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OSKELER Ho-104
oNRPEAMNYARE B RSPEKEMNL BYUPHYUMRE YPSOMNYYUKHAEPMNTSN OSKELERYU GYYARYUBKHK YHDFKHPN mYULAS BSHOSYARKHRE KH ONDBHFMSCH LNDKHTHYUZHCH, ONKSVKHBSCH NANGMYUVEMHE mN-104. NANPNMHREKEMSHI ONDBHFMSHI mN-104 ONKSVHK OKHYaRNKERMSCH PSYNRYS YAN YAOSYAYNBSHL YPCHVYNL, MEYAINKEIN HGLEMEMMSHI KEMRNOPHELMKHY KH DSKEMSHI SYAYNPHREKE DPSTSNI TNPLSH. OSKELER NYAMYUYUKYA MNBSHL PETKEIRNPMSHL OPHZHEKNL X HMNTSDU YNLOKEYRNBUKYA OKEVEBSHHLH X ONYAMSHLH SONPYULH. boepbshe mN-104 ASHK OPHLEMEM B BEPUMEI AYUYEMMNNI SARYUMNBYE ANLAYUPKHPPNBYKHYU Ki-21-II, YU LYUYANBN MYUVYUK SYARYUMYUBKHBUREYA B YARPEKYNBSHU SYARYUMNBYUU ANLAYUPKHPNBYHYU Ki -49 X Ki-67. oPHLEMKYA RUYFE B NANPNMHREKEMSHU SYARYUMNBYUU RSPLNBKHYU Ki-102 X PЪDE DPSTSKHU YUPLEIAYKHU YYULNKERNB BRNPNI ONKNBKHMSH BNIMSH. UYUPYUREPMN, VRN KHMDEYA RSPEKEMNTSN OSKELERYU mN-104 YYUY-RN ME OPHFHKYAJ B YONMYAYNI YUPLEIYAYNI YUBKHYUZHKH X ONDBHFMSCH LNDKHTHYUZHCH OH MEPZHKH OPNDNKFYUKH NANGMYUVYURE mN -103.
aPNMEANIMN-RPYYAYAHPSCHYHE OYURPNMSH 12.7U81SR DKЪ OSKELERNB mN-103
oYURPNMSH 12.7U81SR DK OSKELERNB mN-103 BSHOSYAYUKHYAE MU rNYHIYAYNL YUPYAYYUKE YAKEDSCHYETSN YUYANPRHLEMRYU:
- хMEPRMSHI, LYUYAYANI 33 Ts., LYUPYKHPPNBUKYA PNGNBSHL YNKEZHNL BNYPSTS YUOYASK MU DNMZHE TSHKEGSH.
- xMEPRMSHI RPYYAYAHPSCHYHI; LYUPYKHPNBUKYA GEKEMSHL YNKEZHNL BNYPSTS YUOYASK MU DNMZHE TSHKEGSH.
- aPNMEANIMN-RPYYAYAHPSCHYHE RPEU PYUGMNBKhDMNYAREI, LYUYAYANI OSKH 35.4 Ts, NRKHVYUKHYAE ZHBERNL RPYYAYASH √ AEKNTsN, YPYYYAMNTsN HKKH VEPEDSCHYKHLYA AEKN-YYYUYAMSHL YAKEDNL; LYUPYHPNBYUKHYAE ZHBERMSHLH YNKEZHYULH BNYPSTS YUOYASK YANNRBERYARBEMMN VEPMSHL HKKH AEKN-GEKEMSHL.
- TSTSYuYAMN-GYUFHTSYUREKEMSHI DBSU BHDNB lyu-102 AEG BGPSHBUREK, DERNMYUZHH YNRNPNTsN OPNHYAUNDHKYU NR SDYUPYU N ZHEKE X lyu-103, YNRNPNL OPHYASRYARBNBUK BGPSHBUREKE. OSKH BEYAHKH 37 TSPULL X YANDEPFYUKH 0.8 Ts. OEMRPHRYU.
Links[edit]
- Bishop, Chris (editors) (1998). Encyclopedia of World War II Weapons
. Barnes and Nobel. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) - Mayer, S. L. (1984). The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. Military press. ISBN 0-517-42313-8.
- Morse, D.R. (1996). Japanese small arms from World War II;
Light machine guns models 11, 96, 99, 97 and 92 . Firing Pin Companies. ASIN: B000KFVGSU. - Popenker, Maxim (2008). The Machine Gun: The Development of the Machine Gun from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. Crowd. ISBN 978-1-84797-030-5.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Japanese infantryman 1937-1945
. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-818-9. - US Department of War (1994). Handbook of the Japanese Armed Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945)
(reprint). Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8.
