During the Great Patriotic War, the design bureau of Sergei Ilyushin became famous, first of all, for its attack aircraft and bombers. In the post-war years, however, the design bureau became known as a developer of passenger and transport aircraft. Developments for military purposes usually remained experimental.
But, for example, the Il-20 radio reconnaissance aircraft went into production. These vehicles, developed on the basis of the Il-18 passenger airliner, are still in service and are actively used. Only in recent years have the “twenties” begun to be gradually replaced by more modern intelligence officers.
History of creation
In the 50s, a number of turboprop passenger airliners were created in the Soviet Union. And, interestingly, each of them had a “relative” for military purposes. On the basis of the Tu-144, the Tu-126 early warning aircraft was created. The An-10 had a cargo counterpart - the An-12. Well, the most common and durable of the three, the Il-18, became the basis for the electronic reconnaissance vehicle.
Reconnaissance is the most obvious task that could be entrusted to an airplane, which is why the first military airplanes were reconnaissance aircraft, usually armed with cameras. However, the development of anti-aircraft missiles in the 50s changed the balance of power. It has become impossible even for high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft to fly over the territories of states with strong air defense. And already in 1964, the United States adopted the RC-135 aircraft, capable of conducting observations without violating Soviet borders. In 1965, Ilyushin Design Bureau was tasked with creating a similar reconnaissance aircraft.
In 1967, the serial IL-18D airliner began to be converted into a radio reconnaissance vehicle.
This reconstruction took a year. In March 1968, the Il-20 went on its first flight, and in 1969, experimental flights were completed, which they decided to count simultaneously as state tests. The plane was recommended to be put into production.
Strengths and weaknesses of the IL-20
The IL-20 was created on the basis of the IL-18 passenger aircraft, therefore it has an almost identical design, which means that it completely “inherited” all the positive and negative aerodynamic characteristics from its passenger counterpart. The stability of the aircraft in the air and its reliability were also a consequence of this “kinship”.
If we talk about the characteristics of the Il-20, related exclusively to its main activity, then it should be noted that it was the first aircraft of its kind developed and produced in the Soviet Union. However, over the years of service in the Armed Forces of the USSR, the aircraft showed its good side. Thus, the IL-20 performed service regularly and did not fail during exercises. And a large number of modifications of the aircraft prove that its concept was chosen very successfully, thanks to which the Il-20 is in service today, almost 50 years after its first flight.
However, the disappointing fact is that the Il-20 is already becoming obsolete, and this may be the reason for its early withdrawal from service, and immediately after the appearance of a new electronic warfare and reconnaissance aircraft.
Design
The design of the Il-20 aircraft is basically similar to the prototype - the Il-18 airliner. This is an all-metal low-wing aircraft with 4 turboprop engines. The semi-monocoque fuselage has a duralumin skin, the sheets of which are attached to the load-bearing frame with rivets. Most of the fuselage is occupied by a pressurized cabin, divided into 2 decks.
The wing is in the form of a trapezoid, with removable consoles, equipped with 2-slotted flaps and 2-section ailerons. The tail unit consists of a stabilizer with elevators and a fin with a rudder.
The reconnaissance aircraft is equipped with 4 AI-20M turboprop engines. Each engine has a 10-stage compressor and a 3-stage turbine, the take-off power on the propeller shaft is 4250 forces. Propellers - automatically variable pitch. The fuel comes from the wing tanks - some are soft-type tanks (located in the center section), and some are coffered in the consoles. The Ila's control system is mechanical, the planes are controlled using rods and cables, without the participation of amplifiers, and there is an autopilot.
The main difference between the IL-20 was, of course, its special equipment.
In the former passenger compartment, cameras of the A-87P model were placed, intended for perspective photography of the earth's surface. The camera lenses were hidden behind the side fairings. These same fairings hid the antennas of the Romb radar, which determined the location of enemy radars (by direction and frequency).
A gondola was installed under the fuselage of the reconnaissance aircraft, in which there was a side-view radar - “Igla-1”. This station, unlike the Rhombus, made it possible not only to detect the radiation of other radars, but also to obtain a radar image of the area, which was not inferior in quality and resolution to photographs.
In addition, the Il-20 was equipped with the “Kvadrat” system, similar in functionality to the “Romb”, but capable of accurately determining the type of sources of intercepted radiation (the radiation power was also monitored). And the Cherry system made it possible to listen to conversations in the open air.
The Il-20 crew consisted of 2 pilots, a flight engineer and a radio operator. The radio-electronic equipment was under the control of 6 operators. In the rear part of the former passenger compartment, a utility room was installed. The former luggage compartment hatch was converted into an evacuation hatch for leaving the plane with a parachute.
Tasks
During exercises or when preparing for aggression, the armed forces of any state especially need the coherence that signal troops provide. Ideally, the neighboring party wants to know the entire volume of transmitted information, but the intensity of radio exchange can also be used to understand a lot. In the cabin of the Il-20M there is a high-class military linguist-translator who constantly listens to open communication channels. He speaks the language of the neighboring state perfectly, knows the dialects and jargon used by the military personnel of the potential enemy’s army. Oddly enough, a very large part of useful information is obtained in this simple way. The chatterbox is not only our godsend for a spy.
But the IL-20M (reconnaissance aircraft) can not only eavesdrop, but also spy. Photos taken by the high-quality A-87P camera will help you draw conclusions about military activity many kilometers away, and you don’t need to cross the state border to do this. And, of course, it won’t hurt to take direction finding from foreign radars either.
Modifications
Il-20 reconnaissance aircraft with improved equipment received the designations Il-20M and -M1. The number of reconnaissance equipment operators increased to 8. At the end of the 80s, an even more advanced modification was developed - the Il-20M11.
On the basis of the Il-20, several rocket telemetry aircraft were built in 1980, which were used in testing missiles, including space ones.
Currently, out of 4 built copies, only one remains.
Another, more numerous, modification of the Il-20 aircraft became the Il-22 command post. Such “flying headquarters” were intended for district commanders and commanders-in-chief and were equipped with a variety of long-distance communication systems. In addition, the Il-22 now has an escape hatch with a large throughput capacity.
One of the latest modifications is the Il-22PP jammer, capable of paralyzing systems of a wide variety of targets - from AWACS aircraft to drones. The jammer was put into service in 2016, and the reasons why a far from new aircraft became the basis for such modern equipment are prosaic. None of the modern Russian aircraft matched the performance standards.
Further fate
The Il-20M aircraft can be called a heavenly veteran. For world aviation, such phenomena are not uncommon, but in each case it can be stated that only a true masterpiece of technical thought flies for a long time. Electronic equipment is becoming outdated, but this is not a problem, it can be replaced and a new one installed.
The Ilyushin aircraft turned out to be very successful, durable, reliable, easy to fly and economical. Currently there is simply nothing to replace it. Of all the possible options, the role of an electronic reconnaissance aircraft can only be fulfilled by the jet Tu-214, and then only after a thorough and serious reconfiguration, which is a matter of long-term prospects. In the meantime, maintaining the Ilovs in working condition has become the concern of the War Ministry. A program for their deep modernization has been developed.
The IL-20M is now painted in the usual gray color for military aviation. You can no longer mislead anyone with civilian livery. When this plane approaches the border, the air forces of neighboring countries usually sound the alarm...
Exploitation
Already in 1970, Il-20 reconnaissance aircraft began to be used in exercises and make reconnaissance flights. At the same time, the planes were often painted in Aeroflot colors and carried civil registration. This is probably what contributed to the fact that the final identification of the vehicle by NATO countries occurred only in 1978. The Il-20 and Il-22 reconnaissance aircraft were used during the war in Afghanistan, and the latter were usually not for direct “command” purposes, but as mobile headquarters cabins.
In the 90s, reconnaissance aircraft based on old airliners began to become obsolete, but the Tu-22R aircraft became even more outdated, and too few modern Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft were produced.
Thus, the Il-20 remained the main means of aerial electronic reconnaissance. Such intelligence officers also became part of the group of Russian troops in Syria. In September 2022, one of the Ilovs was mistakenly shot down by Syrian air defenses.
Flight performance
The American reconnaissance aircraft RC-135, in response to which the IL-20 was created, is its analogue.
The RC-135 was also created on the basis of a passenger airliner (Boeing 707 jet).
| IL-20 | RC-135W | |
| Wingspan, m | 37,4 | 39,8 |
| Length, m | 35,9 | 39,2 |
| Maximum take-off weight, t | 64 | 124 |
| Maximum speed, km/h | 675 | 991 |
| Ceiling, km | 10 | 12 |
| Range, km | 6200 | 9100 |
The RC-135 is superior to its domestic counterpart in terms of speed, but this is a consequence of the use of a faster base aircraft. And the range of tasks it performs is somewhat different - the RC-135 carries more radio-electronic equipment, intended primarily for monitoring the air situation.
The long service of the Il-20 is largely a consequence of a well-chosen prototype; the Il-18 was “removed” from flights in Russia only in 2004.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to say what its fate would have been if more modern Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft had been built in the 90s. However, the fact that the Il-20 turned out to be the most suitable aircraft for operation in difficult times also speaks in its favor.
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“528” YEIVYUYA VHYAKHRYA YUY RPYUMYAONPR B YUBHYUZHHH Rnt. xG OЪRKH xK-20pr OEPBNMYUVYUKEMSHE TSMYZHHH BSHONKMYER KHIE NDMYU LYUKHMYU, I LNDEPMHGHPNBYUMMSHL BN BRNPNI ONKNBHME 1990-U HGLEPHRECEMSHL YNLOKEYANL. NDHM YAYULNKER OEPENANPSDNBYUM B "YAYUKNM" DKЪ blt, EYE NDHM - B RPYUMYAONPRMSHI X OPNDYUM tsmoo "lhp", BUNDYYEE B UNKDKHMTS "kemkhmezh". VERBEPRSHY xK-20pr ME KERUER, X VRN I MHL DECURE, ONYU ME GMYUCHR. cru:
| lNDHTHYUZHH | xK-20pr |
| pYUGLUU YPSHKYU, L | 37.42 |
| dKKHMYU YAYULNKERYU,L | 35.90 |
| bSHYANRYU YAYULNKERYU,L | 10.17 |
| OKNYYUDE YPSHKYU, L2 | 140.0 |
| I love it, JC | |
| OSYARNTSN YYULNKERYU | 33760 |
| LYUYAHLYUKEMYU BGKERMYU | 61400 |
| RHO DBKHTSUREK | 4 rbd yukh-20l |
| lnymnyare, K.Ya. | 4 U 4252 |
| LYUYAKHLYUKEMYU YAYNPNYARE, YL/V | 685 |
| yPEIYEPYAYU YAYNPNYARE, YL/V | 550 |
| oPUYRHVEYAYU DUKEMNYARE, YL | 5400 |
| oPUYIRKHVEYAYKHI ONRNNKNY, L | 8800 |
| ShYKHOYUF, VEK | 14 |
| bottom. KhMTNPLYUZHKH: |
| tNRNCPYUTHH: | xK-20pr (c) dLKHRPHI YUGYUNB |
| xK-20pr (c) gorbatuy111 | |
| xK-20pr (c) gorbatuy111 | |
| xK-20pr (c) dLKHRPHI YUGYUNB | |
| xK-20pr (c) bKYUDHYAKYUB ETPELEMINE | |
| xK-20pr (c) dLKHRPHI YUGYUNB | |
| xK-20pr (c) dLKHRPHI YUGYUNB | |
| xK-20pr (c) dLKHRPHI YUGYUNB |
IWELSH:
| xK-20pr |
bYUPHYUMRSH NYPYYAYH:
| xK-20pr (c) south. TsYUBPHKNB, b. gNKNRNB |
| YaOHYANY HYARNVMKHYNB: |
| lHP yuBHYUZHHH. oERP aYURSEB. YAKHOSH X YAYKHOSH MNBNYARKH YNYALNMYUBRKHYKH. n.sPSYANB. b MEAE - HGLEPHREKEMSHI OSMYR yuKEYYYUMDP LEKEMKHYNB. YANBPELEMMYU YUBHYUZHH PNYAYAHH. xK-20pr lHP yBHYUZHHH. IEPCEI ZBERINB. xK-20pr - YANBYAEL NYANAYU "DBYUJYURYU" yaYULNKERSH nya KHLEMKH ya.b.khKECHHMYU. (OND PEDYUYZHHEI c.b. mNBNFHKNBU) lHP YUBHYUZHHH. IEPCEI ZBERINB. yKYUYAYAKHY "GNKNRNI" ShchPSh yPSHKE pNDKHMSH. IEPCEI ZBERINB. YALEMYU PEOEPRSYUPYU yPSHKE PNDHMSH. mKHYNKYUYYSANBHV. DARK xK-18 Russianplanes.net. xKECHHM xK-20pr |
sTSNKNY MEAYU. 2016
