F-16 fighter: technical characteristics, weapons, speed and range, history of creation

General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a light multirole American fighter of the 4th generation, developed by General Dynamics.

Cost: 14,600,000–18,800,000 USD (1998)

The F-16 is distinguished by its versatility and relatively low cost. As of June 2014, this is the most popular 4th generation fighter (more than 4,540 aircraft were produced). Very popular on the global arms market. It is in service in 25 countries around the world. The last aircraft built for the US Air Force arrived at their disposal in 2005. According to the plan, production of the export F-16 will last until 2022.

The fighter prototype, named YF-16 (No. 72-01567), made its first flight on January 21, 1974, after there was a risk of an emergency during a run. A full flight under the test program was carried out for the first time on February 2, 1974. The F-15A was built in 1975, and the two-seat F-16B was built in 1977.

History of the new version

The F-16 is an American 4th generation fighter aircraft. Thanks to its flight and technical parameters, as well as its low cost (from 34 to 50 million dollars), this aircraft has become the most purchased. In 1975, the F-16 cost just $4.5 million. The light fighter forms the backbone of the military aircraft fleet of the United States and other countries.

Americans call the F-16 the “attack falcon.” The developer of this series is General Dynamics airline. The F-16 first took off in 1974. The development company won a competition to design a light fighter for the needs of the US Army back in 1972. The American military needed a light aircraft that would weigh no more than 9 tons. The aircraft was supposed to participate in close combat at an altitude of up to 12,200 meters at speeds of up to Mach 1.6.

In the announced competition, General Dynamics, together with Northrop, beat out such well-known airlines as Lockheed Corporation (later merged with Martin Marietta), Boeing, and LTV. Northrop also received funding for design work and presented the development of the F-17, which became the basis for the production of the F/A18 aircraft for the US Navy.

The Department of Defense signed a $39 million contract with General Dynamics. The F-16 has been produced in small batches since 1975, in large batches - from 1978 to 1980, 650 combat vehicles were manufactured. General Dynamics Airlines became part of the Lockheed Martin group in the mid-90s. Until 2022, more than 4.5 thousand of these fighters were produced. About 2,200 units of equipment were purchased by the US Department of Defense. The remaining fighters were bought up by the military departments of Israel, Turkey, Egypt and other countries.

Is the F-16 obsolete?

Not really

Development history

The development of a new light fighter project for the US Air Force began as part of a competitive program announced at the very beginning of 1972. Five leading aircraft manufacturing corporations responded to the proposal, with Northrop presenting two versions of the aircraft at once. Review of the draft designs took a month, and the finalists, General Dynamics and Northrop, were announced in March. The Air Force leadership entered into contracts with companies to build prototypes of the YF-16 and YF-17 vehicles.

At the same time, the requirements of naval aviation saw the light of day, which required a multi-role carrier-based attack aircraft (with the possibility of being used as a fighter) and a carrier-based interceptor. By a strange coincidence, the competitors in these projects turned out to be the same companies General Dynamics and Northrop. In order to reduce costs and speed up development, the idea of unifying the designs of ground and deck vehicles was born.

The Air Force command approved the use of developments on deck vehicles only in the fall of 1972, and the technical projects were ready by the end of the year.

Design work and the construction of prototypes of the aircraft took several years, during which the Army Aviation gave preference to the development of General Dynamics. The first prototype of the future F-16 fighter flew around the airfield in January 1974. Moreover, during the run, an emergency situation arose, and the pilot was forced to take off in a new car.

Serial production of the F-16A began in 1975; two years later, the F-16B version with a double cabin appeared. Since 1993, Fighting Falcons have been supplied under the Lockheed brand, which became the owner of General Dynamics. Production took place not only in the USA, but also in Europe and Turkey. To assemble the aircraft in Europe, an international consortium was created, which included suppliers from member countries of the NATO alliance.

Flight performance parameters

The F-16 can fly almost 4,000 km without landing at a speed of 2,120 km/h and climb to a distance of 12,000 and 18,000 meters. The combat radius of the vehicle is 1361-1759 km. Flight range with conformal fuel tanks (3.9 thousand liters in the PTB) is 3.9 thousand km, without conformal fuel tanks (5.5 thousand liters in the PTB) - 4.4 thousand km.

Crew

The fighter is piloted by one person. Some models were converted into 2-seaters (F-16B, F-16D, F-16I).

Speed

Speed parameters:

cruising speed - 0.93 M;
maximum speed - 2,145 km/h;
Max. surface speed - 1,432 km/h;
Max. rate of climb - 18,900 m/min.

Practical ceiling

The aircraft is capable of rising to a height of 17–18 thousand meters. The practical ceiling is 14,000–16,000 meters. Lifting speed - 275 m/s.

Airplane dimensions

Fighter Dimensions:

length - 15.03 m;
height - 5.09 m;
wing span and area - 9.45 m and 27.87 sq. m;
wing load - 781.2 kg/sq. m;
empty weight - 7–9 tons;
Max. take-off weight - 17–21 tons;
top volume tanks - 3.9 thousand liters;
fuel weight - 2.5–3.2 tons;
motor type - Pratt & Whitney F100 or General Electric F110;
power - 129.40 Kn;
external load weight - 8.7 t;
the total weight of the combat load on all 9 hardpoints is 5.42 tons.

Characteristics of the F-16 in comparison with other vehicles

A comparison of the parameters of the American aircraft and the Soviet MiG-23MF shows that in a number of parameters the domestic aircraft is not inferior to foreign technology. This was confirmed during air battles over Afghanistan.

F-16C Block 52	MiG-23MF	MiG-29
Length, mm	15030	16710	17320
Wingspan, mm	9450-10000	7780-13970	11360
Height, mm	5090	4820	4730
Maximum take-off weight, kg	21772	18400	18480
Speed, km/h	2120 (at 12200 m)	2500	2450
Ceiling, m	15240	17500	18000
Radius, km	1361-1759	1450	1430-2100

The advantage of the F-16 is its large engine thrust, providing a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.13 kgf/kg. Thanks to this, the aircraft accelerates quickly and has good maneuverability.

The same Russian MiG-29 fighter, having two engines, has a thrust-to-weight ratio of no more than 1.09 kgf/kg.

Armament

The fighter has 9 hardpoints. The combat load is 5420 kg. True, to the detriment of maneuverability, it can be 9276 kg. The F-16 can carry 1 GPU-5/A cannon pod with a 30 mm cannon.

Weapon weight:

central - two 1.58 thousand kg each;
under the fuselage - 1 thousand kg;
internal - two 2.04 thousand kg each;
at the ends - two 193 kg each;
external - two 318 kg each;
add. suspension points on the side of the air collector - two, 408 kg each.

Ammunition:

small arms and cannon - 6-barreled M61A1 20 mm cannon with 511 rounds;
“air-to-air” - AIM-7(9,120), Python 3(4), Derby, Magic 2, Sky Flash;
“air-to-surface” - AGM-65 (45, 84, 158);
bombs - adjustable (GBU-10/31), adjustable cluster (GBU-103/105), free-falling (Mark 82/84);
Radar - AN/APG-66/80.

F-16 weapons

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ONYAKE YEPEEGMSHU DEAYURNB B YULEPHYUMYAYKHU YUSCHPNYNYALHVEYAYHU YPSTSYUU, YYYYUCHYHYUYU ONKHYAYU MNBNTSN YAPEDYARBU ANPEASH I YPSHKYURSHLH PUYERYULH ANKENNY DUKEMNYARH, o EMRYUTSNM NYARYUBKHK YABNI BSHANP MU HYARPEAHREKE F-16A. ShchRHLH YAYULNKERYULH B YABNE BPEL OPEDONKYUTSYUKNYAE OEPEBNNPSFKHRE 11 SHYAYYUDPHKHI obn KH YANYARYUBYU bbya MYUZHNMYUKEMNI TSBUPDHH, GYULEMKHB B MHU, YAVHRYUCHYCHYHEYA SYARYUPEB HLH, HYARPEAHREKH-OEPEUBYURVHYH F-106A “DEKERYU dYUPR” KH LMNTSNZHEKEBSHE HYARPEAHREKH F-4C “TYUMRNL-2”.

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vEPREF «General Dynamics F-16A Falcon » vEPREF " General Dynamics F-16 Falcon " vEPREF "General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon" pkshch " General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon " pkshch " General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon " pkshch " General Dynamics F- 16A-B MLU Pilot Guide (Part 1) » pkshch « General Dynamics F-16A-B MLU Pilot Guide (Part 2) « ТNRЦПУТХХ:	oEPBSHI OPNRNRKHO YF-16
oEPBSHI OPNRNRKHO YF-16
bRNPNI OPNRNRHO YF-16
F-16A (c) Gavin Conroy
F-16A Block 15 MLU (c) Mike Freer
F-16A Block 20 (c) Paul Carter
F-16A Block 20 MLU (c) Bill Word
F-16A Block 10 (c) David A. Cornwell
F-16A Block 15 OCU
yUAHMYU OHKNRYU F-16A

IWELSH:

F-16A

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YuBKHYUZHKH BPEL 1999-04. yuMDPEI YANBEMYN. "tsPHOEM" X ETSN YNMYSPEMRSH. "YaPYUFUCHYYYYANNK" yPSHKE pNDHMSH 1996-11-12. bYUKEMRHM tsYUBPKHKNB. “ANEBNY YANNK” dbdkh yashlyu shdlsmd zHHUN. yaBEPUGBSINBSHE YYULNKERSH bHYRNP ySMINB. YANBPELEMMYU BNEMMYU YUBKHYUREUMKHYU pNYARHYAKYUB bKHMNTsPYUDNB, yKEYYYUMDP onMNNLUPEB. pYUGBHRHE YYULNKERNB LHPYU Airforce Technology. F-16 Fighting Falcon Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft FAQs.org.Greg Goebel. Air Vectors. The Lockheed Martin F-16 Squadron/Signal 1053. Lou Drendel. F-16 Fighting Falcon in action Flugzeug Profile 12. Gerhard Lang. General Dynamics F-16 "Fighting Falcon" Scale Models Warplane Special. T. Lynch. General Dynamics F16 Flugzeug 1986-05. Jet-Eleganz: Die F-16-Story Zlinek 1992-01. F-16 Fighting Falcon L+K 1976-15. Rizeni po drate L+K 1980-01-02. Jiri Motavec. General Dynamics F-16A Condor

sTSNKNY MEAYU. 2019

Design

The F-16 is a single-fin monoplane designed according to the classical design. The aircraft has one engine in the tail. The fuselage is semi-monocoque. The wing with increased sweep smoothly flows into the fuselage. This design allows you to create auxiliary lift at an increased angle of attack.

F-16 design

The angle of the leading edge of the wing is 40 degrees. The non-adjustable air intake is located under the fuselage. The chassis is equipped with a hydraulic drive. The A-pillar is located immediately behind the air intake. The fighter has an integral aerodynamic layout, the center of gravity of the side is shifted forward, and there is a highly sensitive radar.

The F-16 is the first aircraft in service with the US Army with a design speed of Mach 2. The combat vehicle with a service life of 8,000 hours is designed for combat missions and maneuvers at an overload of 9 g.

Sectional view of F-16 fuselage sections

Innovations in the design of the cabin: teardrop-shaped canopy; a reclining seat that reduces the effect of overload on the pilot; side control handle. An ejection seat can evacuate a pilot at any speed and altitude. The fighter's airframe is made of 80% aluminum alloys, 8% steel, and 3% composite materials.

F-16 combat fighter cockpit

The F-16 has many modifications. Starting with the Block 25 model, aircraft have reduced radar signature. A thin layer of gold is applied to the surface of the cockpit canopy flaps. Thanks to this innovation, the incident radiation is evenly scattered and does not penetrate deep into the cabin. Starting with the Block 32 version, radio-absorbing materials were used in the manufacture of air intakes.

All parts and components of the fighter are unified. For example, a Pratt & Whitney brand engine is used on F-15 fighters. In addition, the F-16 aircraft has exactly the same landing gear and some aerodynamic elements (wings, horizontal tail, elevator).

The F-16 learned a lot from the third-generation fighter F-4/E (automated control system for missiles and bombs, electronic suppression equipment, the design of suspension units and release mechanisms, the same composition of ammunition). In contrast to the F-111 bomber, which had 250 types of fasteners, the F-16 has only 50 types of fasteners. The F-16 combat vehicle is smaller in size than the F-14 or F-15.

F-16 layout diagram

The F-16 fighter jet has a pulse Doppler radar, which allows it to see a target at a distance of 37 km in the lower hemisphere and 46 km in the upper hemisphere. On board the aircraft there is a constant action electronic control system, ALQ electronic control system, TACAN navigation unit, dipole reflector reset equipment, warning radar, and a computer for analyzing the situation in the air, flight and fire control.

conclusions

More than 40 years have passed since the first flight of the F-16 aircraft, but the development potential inherent in the design has allowed the fighter to remain in demand today. Despite the creation of fifth-generation vehicles (the same F-22), the old vehicle remains in service with the United States and many countries.

One of the reasons is the low cost - three times less than the latest machines.

In addition, lower operating costs and the availability of trained personnel cannot be discounted.

One of the areas for further modernization of the aircraft fleet is upgrading to the F-16V (Viper) standard. The new version of the fighter is equipped with an active phased array radar, improved computer and flight equipment. In any case, it will be another year before the last Attack Falcon is removed from service.

Modifications

The development and production of the latest F16 models was carried out by an international consortium headquartered in the USA. Countries that took part in the production of the fighter: Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, England and the USA. The Dutch airline Fokker manufactured the center section, wings and flaps. Belgian Sabca - fuselage tail and vertical tail. The Belgian FN plant produced F 100 engines.

There were 3 assembly lines for the production of fighter aircraft in Europe. Most of the parts and mechanisms were manufactured at the American aircraft plant No. 4 in Fort Worth, and then transported for installation to the Netherlands and Belgium. American-made fighters had Dutch center sections and Belgian tail parts.

Modifications:

F-16A - basic model, single-seat, multi-role, used in daytime;
F-16B - 2-seat, combat training, produced since 1977;
F-16C - single-seat, modernized, used by the Air Force since 1984;
F-16D - 2-seat, combat training, produced since 1984;
F-16N and TF-16N - single and 2-seat versions manufactured for the US Navy Top Gun flight school;
F-16ADF - air defense fighter for the US National Guard based on the F-16A;
F-16C and F-16R - reconnaissance aircraft instead of RF-4C;
FSX is an aircraft based on the F-16 to replace the F-1 bomber.

Modernization plans

The manufacturer plans to further improve the entire series of fighters. Combat vehicles must have CCV and AFTI. Improvements will be made to the configuration and digital flight control system. The F-16XL will have a tailless design and improved maneuverability, a longer non-stop flight distance, and more modern weapons.

Night Falcon and "Block 50"

“Block 40/42” Night Falcon aircraft have been manufactured since 1988. The fighters are equipped with the LANTIRN system, APG-68(V) radar, digital flight control system, and automatic terrain following system. The combat vehicle can carry AGM-88B guided missiles.

Night Falcon

The installation of additional equipment resulted in an increase in take-off weight and strengthening of the landing gear. Since 1991, Block 50 and Block 52 aircraft have been produced. They are equipped with an APG-68 radar, a modern HUD and computer, a dipole reflector, and self-propelled insulation. New motors installed (F110-GE-229, F100-PW-220).

Block 50

Air defense interceptor fighter

In 1986, 270 F16-A/B fighters were converted into air defense interceptor fighters. The aircraft were equipped with a new radar that tracks small objects and launchers for AIM-7 Sparrow guided missiles. Interceptors can lift as many as 6 AIM-120, AIM-7, AIM-9 missiles.

F-16CJ and F-16DJ

To replace the older F-4GWWV anti-radar fighters, the F-16CJ was created as part of the Block 50 series. The new planes were single-seat. All the work of the co-pilot was assigned to the computer. Several 2-seat F-16DJ series vehicles were produced. The fighters were used in pairs. They carried anti-radar missiles (AGM-88, AGM-45) and homing missiles (AIM-9 and AIM-120).

F-16CJ

F-16V

In 2015, the newest version, the F-16V, was produced and called the Viper. The vehicle is equipped with a scaled APG-83 SABR radar antenna and a SNIPER day and night targeting system. Lockheed Martin plans to upgrade all F-16Cs to F-16V or F-16S standard.

F-16I

The 2-seat F-16I is based on the Block 52 for the Israeli Air Force. The fighter was named “Thunderstorm” (“Sufa”). The onboard equipment and weapons of the F-16I aircraft are manufactured by the Israelis. Purchased - 102 vehicles. The cost of one plane is 70 million dollars.

F-16 modifications and operating countries

The F-16A/B vehicles were produced in several modifications (the so-called Block). The difference between version B is the two-seat cabin, thanks to which the aircraft is used for pilot training. The very first were Block 5 and 10, built before 1980.

Starting with Block 15, cockpit air conditioning began to be used, and the capabilities of hardpoints expanded. As new weapons and components were introduced, new batches of vehicles were produced and those already built were modernized. Currently, old vehicles are gradually being converted into unmanned targets under the designation QF-16.

Starting with Block 25, an improved version of the F-16C/D aircraft, equipped with a new airborne radar station and modernized flight equipment, went into production. Index D is assigned to the two-seat combat training version. Block 30 used a General Electric F110 turbojet engine.

At the end of 1988, a variant of the Block 40/42 fighter appeared, designed for operations at night. The aircraft was equipped with a LANTIRN radar and a system for projecting information onto the windshield of the cockpit canopy. The latest F-16 variant, Block 50/52, has been under construction since 1990.

Due to the increased traction, it was possible to improve the acceleration and maneuverability of the vehicle. Based on this version, the Block 50D/52D modification was created, designed to combat enemy radars. Based on Block 52, a two-seat version of the F-16I aircraft was developed, supplied to the Israeli Air Force.

In 1977, the administration of President Jimmy Carter came up with the idea of banning the export of vehicles similar to those used in the United States. For this purpose, a “stripped-down” version of the F-16/79 FX Export Fighter was developed, equipped with a power plant similar to the F-104/F-4 fighter.

The new turbojet engine had a stressful thermal operating mode, so the fuselage structure was reinforced with heat-resistant inserts, increasing the weight by 900 kg. The use of a simplified engine made it possible to reduce the cost of aircraft by 11%.

A prototype was built, but the project was not developed due to the arrival of the new presidential administration.

The vehicle is not only in service with the US Air Force, although it is America that has the largest number of F-16s in service. In 2012, there were more than 1,200 cars of various versions on the lists. Türkiye is a major operator, having purchased a license to produce fighter jets. Various modifications of the F-16 aircraft are included in the armed forces of a number of countries in Europe, South America, and Arab states. In Italy, the cars were used under a leasing program.

Exploitation

The airline General Dynamics produced the lightweight and inexpensive F-16, which has long been in demand. The aircraft is in the air force fleets of 25 countries. F-16s are still being manufactured and exported.

Currently in service

The fighter is currently operated by the following countries: Belgium, Bahrain, Venezuela, Greece, Denmark, Egypt, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal. The aircraft is operated by the Israeli Air Force. The aircraft were purchased by Singapore, Pakistan, Oman, UAE, Iraq, Thailand, Turkey, Morocco, Chile.

About 34 fighters of this version were in service in Italy. The aircraft were in the fleet of the Italian army from 2001 to 2012. under the "Peaceful Caesar" agreement.

Combat use

For the first time, an aircraft as part of the Israeli army fought in air battles in Lebanon in 1981. F-16s destroyed about 33–45 Syrian aircraft purchased from the USSR (MiG-23, Su-22). The Syrians shot down about 6 F-16 aircraft. The Israeli army used F-16s for combat attacks in Iraq, Tunisia, Syria, and the Gaza Strip. In 2022, Israeli aircraft were used in Syria, and one aircraft was shot down.

The Jordanian Air Force used F-16 aircraft in the 2014-2016 war in Syria and in the internal conflict in Yemen. In 2015, Iraq used a fighter jet to attack ISIS bases. The fighter was used to carry out combat missions by the armies of Venezuela and Morocco. In 1980–1988 American aircraft provided to Pakistan fought in Afghanistan.

The United States used the F-16 at the end of the last century in battles in the Persian Gulf. For almost 5 years in the early 2000s, American aircraft fought in Iraq. Türkiye has operated light F-16s in local conflicts and in the war in Syria.