Determining shooting settings using targeted corrections

General provisions

148. To successfully complete tasks in battle you must:

- continuously monitor the battlefield;

— quickly and correctly prepare data for shooting;

— skillfully fire at all kinds of targets in various combat conditions, both day and night; to hit group and most important single targets, use concentrated fire;

- observe the results of the fire and skillfully adjust it;

- monitor the consumption of ammunition in battle and take measures to replenish them in a timely manner.

Battlefield surveillance and target designation

149. Observation is carried out in order to timely detect the location and actions of the enemy. In addition, in battle it is necessary to observe the signals and signs of the commander and the results of his fire.

Unless there are special instructions from the commander, soldiers conduct surveillance in the sector of fire indicated by him.

150. Observation is carried out with the naked eye. When observing, special attention should be paid to hidden approaches. Inspect the area from right to left from near objects to far ones. Carry out the inspection carefully, since minor unmasking signs contribute to the detection of the enemy; such signs may be: shine, noise, swaying branches of trees and bushes, the appearance of new small objects, changes in the position and shape of local objects, etc.

If you have binoculars, use them only for a more thorough study of individual objects or areas of the terrain; At the same time, take measures to ensure that the shine of the binocular glasses does not reveal your location.

At night, enemy locations and actions can be determined by sounds and light sources. If the area in the desired direction is illuminated by a light socket or other lighting source, quickly inspect the illuminated area.

151. Targets spotted on the battlefield must be immediately reported to the commander and their location correctly indicated. The target is indicated by verbal report or tracer bullets.

The report should be short, clear and precise, for example: “ There is a wide bush straight ahead, a machine gun to the left.”

»; «
Landmark two, two fingers to the right, under the bush - observer
».

When designating targets with tracer bullets, fire one or two short bursts in the direction of the target.

Target selection

152. For machine guns (machine guns), the most typical are living targets - crews of machine guns and guns, groups of shooters or individual figures firing from various positions, as well as manpower on cars, motorcycles, etc. In addition, from machine guns (machine guns) ) fire is also conducted at air targets. Targets on the battlefield can be stationary, appear briefly, or move.

153. A machine gunner (machine gunner) fires in battle, usually as part of a squad or platoon, destroying targets assigned to him by the commander. Therefore, he must listen carefully and accurately carry out all the commands of the commander.

154. If a machine gunner (machine gunner) in battle is not given a target to hit, he chooses it himself. First of all, it is necessary to hit the most dangerous and important targets, for example: the crews of machine guns and guns, enemy commanders and observers. Of two targets of equal importance, choose the closest and most vulnerable one for shelling. If a new, more important target appears during shooting, immediately transfer fire to it.

Selecting a sight, aiming point and rear sight

155. To select a sight, aiming point and rear sight, it is necessary to determine the range to the target and take into account external conditions that may affect the range and direction of the bullet. The sight, rear sight and aiming point are selected in such a way that when shooting, the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target.

When shooting at a distance of up to 400 m, fire should be carried out, as a rule, with a sight of 4 or “P” and entirely 0, aiming at the lower edge of the target or in the middle if the target is high (running figures, etc.).

When shooting at ranges exceeding 400 m, the sight is set according to the distance to the target, rounded to whole hundreds of meters, and the rear sight is 0. As a rule, the middle of the target is taken as the aiming point. If the conditions of the situation do not allow changing the sight setting depending on the distance to the target, then within the direct shot range, fire should be carried out with a sight corresponding to the direct shot range, aiming at the lower edge of the target.

156. The range to targets is determined by the eye. In this case, the range to targets and local objects is determined by sections of the terrain that are well imprinted in visual memory, by the degree of visibility and apparent size of targets (objects), as well as by a combination of both methods.

When determining ranges from terrain segments

you need to mentally set aside some familiar distance that is firmly entrenched in visual memory (for example, a segment of 100, 200 or 300 m) from yourself to the object (target).

When determining range by the degree of visibility and apparent size of objects (targets)

it is necessary to compare the visible size of the target with the visible sizes of this target imprinted in memory at certain distances.

If a target is detected near a landmark or local object, the range to which is known, then when determining the range to the target, it is necessary to take into account its distance from the landmark by eye.

At night, the range to illuminated targets is determined in the same way as during the day.

157. When determining the range with an eye, the following must be taken into account:

- the apparent size of the same section of terrain gradually decreases as it moves away from the machine gunner or machine gunner (in the future);

- ravines, hollows, rivers that cross the direction of a local object or target conceal (reduce) the range;

- small objects (bushes, stones, individual figures) seem further away than large objects located at the same distance (forest, mountain, column of troops);

- a single-color, monotonous background of the area (meadow, snow, arable land) highlights and, as it were, brings closer the objects located on it, if they are colored differently, and a motley, varied background of the area, on the contrary, masks and, as it were, removes the objects located on it;

- on a cloudy day, in rain, at dusk, in fog, the distances seem increased, and on a bright, sunny day, on the contrary, they appear decreased;

- in mountainous areas, visible objects seem to come closer.

158. A significant deviation of external conditions from the table (normal) changes the flight range of the bullet or deflects it away from the direction (plane) of fire. The following shooting conditions are taken as the following: air temperature +15° C, absence of wind and terrain elevation above sea level, target elevation angle no more than 15°.

159. A deviation of the air temperature from the table (+ 15° C) causes a change in the flight range of the bullet, increasing it when shooting in summer conditions and decreasing it in winter. The flight range of a bullet when shooting in summer conditions increases slightly, so you should not make adjustments to the sight or to the position of the aiming point. The flight range of a bullet when firing in winter (at low temperatures) at a distance of over 400 m decreases by a significant amount (50-100 m), therefore it is necessary to select the aiming point at the upper edge of the target at air temperatures above -25 ° C, and at air temperatures below -25° C, increase the scope by one division.

160. Corrections to the installation of the sight for the elevation of the terrain above sea level and the elevation angle of the target are taken into account only when shooting in the mountains, if the distance to the target is more than 400 m.

161. Side wind has a significant effect on the flight of a bullet, deflecting it to the side. The amount of bullet deflection depends on the speed and direction of the crosswind and the distance to the target. The stronger the side wind, the closer to 90° the angle at which it blows, and the further away the target, the greater the amount the bullet will deflect away from the direction of fire. In this regard, it is necessary to correct for side winds. It is taken into account when shooting from a machine gun by setting the aiming point in target figures or meters, when shooting from a machine gun - by setting the rear sight in thousandths. If at first the situation does not allow making an adjustment to the rear sight, then the adjustment for side wind when firing a machine gun is taken into account by moving the aiming point. The correction for side wind is taken in the direction from which the wind is blowing. So, when there is wind from the left, the aiming point is moved (the rear sight is set) to the left, when there is wind from the right - to the right.

162. The values ​​of corrections for moderate side wind (speed 4 m/sec) in meters, human figures and rear sight divisions are given in the following table.

The table corrections for a strong wind (speed 8 m/sec) must be doubled, and for a weak boar (speed 2 m/sec) - reduced by half. When the wind blows at sharp angles to the shooting plane, take half the correction as with a boar blowing at an angle of 90°.

Preparing initial data for shooting

Depending on the conditions of the combat situation, the preparation of initial data for firing can be done in advance (by landmarks and lines where the enemy is expected to appear, by planned areas of concentration of fire) or directly on targets.

With advance preparation, the distance is determined more accurately (using instruments, topographic maps). Corrections for changes in shooting conditions can be calculated using tables. In this case, the shooters have enough time to make calculations.

However, in a combat situation, the preparation of data directly on a target is usually carried out in the shortest possible time, often under the influence of enemy fire, when it is impossible to make any calculations on paper. Therefore, when preparing data for shooting, all military personnel must master both methods of more complete and accurate calculations, and the simplest decisions in the mind, without recording, using field (mnemonic) rules.

Selecting the initial sight setting

The initial condition for choosing a sight and aiming point is the distance to the target or line at which fire is planned. To successfully complete a fire mission, the calculations of all fire weapons must most accurately determine the distance to the target.

When accurately determining the distance to the target and under the tabulated shooting conditions, the sight is assigned according to the distance to the target, and the aiming point is selected in the center of the target. In this case, the average trajectory will pass through the middle of the target, and the probability of hitting will be greatest. For modern small arms with high accuracy, under such conditions, the target is usually hit with the first burst. Decisive in obtaining such a result is the accurate determination of the range to the target.

In motorized rifle units, the main method of determining distances to targets is the eye; in some cases, ranges can be determined by the angular values ​​of objects (targets) on a map. When preparing in advance, measuring distances in steps can be used.

The visual determination of distances is based on a person’s visual memory, his life experience, and training. The determined range is mentally compared with well-imprinted well-known sections of terrain in memory, taking into account the degree of visibility of targets and local objects near them (for example, a section of 100, 200 or 300 m). Shooters must have strong skills in determining distances to targets in various conditions - in bright sunlight and in cloudy weather, with partial smoke in the area, at night. Good training in determining distances to targets by eye is the key to the most accurate preparation of initial data for shooting. At night, the range to illuminated targets is determined in the same way as during the day.

When determining the range with an eye, it is necessary to take into account the following: - the apparent size of the same piece of terrain gradually decreases as it moves away from the machine gunner or machine gunner (in the future); - ravines, hollows, rivers that cross the direction of an object or target conceal (reduce) the range; - small objects (bushes, stones, individual figures) seem further away than large objects located at the same distance (forest, mountain, column of troops); - a single-color, monotonous background of the area (meadow, snow, arable land) highlights and, as it were, brings closer the objects located on it, if they are colored differently, and a motley, varied background of the area, on the contrary, masks and, as it were, removes the objects located on it; - on a cloudy day, in the rain; at dusk and in fog, the ranges seem to increase, and on a bright, sunny day, on the contrary, they appear to be decreased; - in mountainous areas, visible objects seem to come closer.

When the shooter knows the linear dimensions of a typical target or a local object near it, then the thousandth formula can be used to determine the distance: D = B × 1000/U, where D is the range to the target (m); B - linear height of the target (local object) (m); Y is the angle at which the target is visible (in thousandths).

The angle at which the target is visible is determined using binoculars or improvised means.

In the field, shooters can use the sights on their weapons to determine distances to targets. To do this, you need to know the covering value of the front sight and the slot of the weapon sight.

Determining distances to targets using sighting devices is done by comparing the visible size of the target with the covering value of the front sight or sight slot. In this case, the weapon is held in the ready-to-fire position.

If, for example, the apparent width of a person’s figure (0.5 m) is equal to the width of the front sight, then the range to the target is 200 m; if the figure seems to be twice as narrow as the front sight, the range to it is 400 m. Similarly, you can use the weapon sight slot.

The covering value of the front sight or sight slot can be determined by the formula K = D×r/d, where K is the covering value of the front sight (sight slot); D - distance to target; p — size of the front sight (sight slot); d - the distance from the eye to the front sight or sight slot.

For calculation, the distance from the eye to the top of the front sight with sufficient accuracy for practice is taken equal to: for the AK-74 assault rifle - 0.65 m, the RPK-74 light machine gun - 0.80 m, the PKM machine gun - 0.85 m. (All other values for calculations they are also taken in meters.).

More accurately, distances can be determined using a map (scale 1:25000) or by measuring the area in steps (counting a couple of steps as 1.5 m).

Sometimes you can quite accurately determine the distance to the firing target by the time between the flash and the sound of the shot. In this case, the interval in seconds from the moment the flash appears to the perception of sound should be multiplied by 340 (340 m/s is the speed of sound propagation in air).

The accuracy of the listed methods for determining distances is characterized by the following values ​​of median errors (U): - with the eye method and according to the thousandth formula - 10% D; — when determining range from a map — 5% D; - measuring the terrain by steps and by the sound of shots - 4% D.

Two factors have the greatest influence on the change in the flight range of bullets: a change in temperature and a drop in initial speed. Changes in range caused by air pressure deviation and longitudinal wind, even at distances of 600-800 m, have no practical significance and can be ignored.

Corrections for the loss of initial speed and changes in air and charge temperature are of practical importance for determining the initial installation of the sight and choosing the height of the aiming point. In the army, especially in a combat situation, a weapon, as a result of operation, will inevitably have a lower initial speed compared to the table. On average, for weapons used in combat, the loss of initial speed can be taken to be 2-3% of the table value. Corrections for the drop in initial speed in all cases must be taken with a plus sign.

Range corrections for changes in air temperature and charge depend on weather conditions: if the air temperature is higher than the table temperature, the air density decreases, the bullet will fly further and the range correction must be taken with a minus sign; if the air temperature is lower than the table temperature, the air density increases, the bullet will fly closer and the range correction should be taken with a plus sign.

In the case of shooting in the summer, when the air temperature is higher than normal (above +15 °C), the range correction for temperature deviation will be negative, and the correction for the drop in initial speed will be positive. If we sum up these corrections, they significantly cover each other, and the total correction will not exceed 50 m, i.e., it will not exceed the average error in determining the range with an eye.

This can be illustrated with the following example: shooting is carried out with a 7.62 mm rifle cartridge at a distance of 800 m, while the air temperature is +40°, i.e. 25° higher than the table; in this case, the loss of initial speed will be 3%.

An increase in temperature by +25° from the table will amount to an amendment of (-22) × 2.5 = -55 m; the correction for the drop in initial speed will be equal to (+12) - 2.6 = 31 m; the total correction is minus 24 m. For firing with a 7.62 mm automatic cartridge mod. 1943, under the same conditions, the total correction will also be equal to minus 24 m (the correction for the increase in temperature is (-20) × 2.5 = -50 m; the correction for the drop in initial speed is (+12) × 2.2 = +26 m).

It is not possible to take such corrections into account by installing a small arms sight.

Having made similar calculations for other firing ranges at air temperatures above the table, we obtain similar results: the total corrections for the increase in temperature and the drop in initial speed do not exceed 20-30 m, and, therefore, it makes no sense to take them into account.

Calculations for ranges from 200 to 800 m show that at temperatures below the table when shooting at distances up to 400 m, there is no need to make adjustments to the sight, and when shooting at distances over 400 m, the correction should be made by +50 m at temperatures below zero and at +100 m at air temperatures below -25 °C.

From what has been discussed, the following practical conclusions can be drawn about the rules for taking into account range corrections when assigning the initial setting of the sight: 1. At distances up to 400 m, do not make any corrections to the firing range. 2. At distances over 400 m, adjustments should be made to the firing range: - at temperatures below zero degrees - plus 50 m; — at temperatures below minus 25 °C — plus 100 m.

The range correction plus 50 m is practically achieved by choosing an aiming point on the upper edge of the target.

In general, the rule for assigning the initial setting of the sight can be formulated as follows: in summer conditions, at all firing ranges, it is advisable to assign the sight according to the distance to the target; in winter, when shooting at distances over 400 m, the aiming point should be selected at the upper edge of the target, and at low temperatures (below -25 ° C) the sight should be increased by one division.

As noted earlier, changing air pressure does not have a significant effect on the flight of a bullet. This provision only applies to shooting on flat terrain. When shooting in mountainous conditions (when the elevation of the terrain above sea level is 1000 m or more), the air pressure decreases significantly, the air becomes more rarefied, its density decreases, which leads to a significant decrease in the force of air resistance, as a result of which the bullet’s flight range significantly increases.

It should be taken into account that with an increase in terrain for every 500 m, the air pressure decreases by approximately 50 mm Hg. Art.

In mountainous conditions, when choosing an initial sight, you also have to take into account the elevation of the target above the firing position, i.e., the magnitude of the target’s elevation angle. It is known that at large elevation angles of the target, the bullet’s flight path becomes more sloping and the firing range with a given sight setting (along the aiming line) turns out to be greater than during normal shooting. So, for example, with a sight “3” when shooting upwards with target elevation angles of +40° - + 50°, the inclined flight range of a 7.62-mm bullet from an automatic cartridge mod. 1943 reaches 400 m. This means that in this case it is necessary to assign the initial sight to “3”, although the firing range is 400 m, i.e., take the correction to the range minus 100 m.

When shooting in the mountains from small arms of 5.45 mm caliber from bottom to top or top to bottom at ranges over 400 m and target elevation angles of less than 30°, the aiming point should be selected at the lower edge of the target, and at target elevation angles of more than 30°, a sight appropriate range to the target, decrease by 1 division.

It should be especially noted that all of the given simplifications of the shooting rules are based on the conditions of visual determination of distances to the target and do not deny the possibility of more accurately taking into account corrections. In a combat situation, situations may arise when it will be possible to use shooting tables to more fully take into account changes in temperature and air pressure and the presence of longitudinal wind. This is especially advisable to do in cases where the range to the target is determined using special instruments, maps, step measurements, measured with a range finder or other methods that provide greater accuracy than eye-based determination of distances. Therefore, in peacetime, it is necessary to study the procedure and rules for making range corrections using shooting tables, be sure to explain in what cases such preparation for shooting is possible, by what signs and how approximately one can determine air temperature, wind speed and changes in air pressure.

The purpose of the initial installation of the sight when shooting small arms is inextricably linked with the choice of the aiming point. So, when installing a sight that corresponds to the distance to the target (for example, a “5” sight at 500 m), the most advantageous aiming point in height is the middle of the target.

However, in practice, when shooting from small arms with open mechanical sights at low and small targets (lying down or entrenched infantry, an observer in an embrasure of a pillbox, etc.), it is often not possible to aim at the middle of the target - it is difficult to determine the middle of the figure, since the front sight covers most of the target. Therefore, when shooting at small targets and when the target is difficult to see, the aiming point is chosen at the lower edge of the target.

The choice of the height of the aiming point relative to the middle of the target must be coordinated with the elevation of the trajectory above the aiming line (the shortest distance from any point on the trajectory to the aiming line is called the elevation of the trajectory). For example, when firing from an AK-74 assault rifle and an RPK-74 light machine gun at a distance of 100 m at lying infantry (chest figures), the sight is set to “3”, and the aiming point is selected in the middle of the lower edge of the target. In this case, the excess of the trajectory above the aiming line is 13 cm, and since the height of the target - lying infantry - the excess of the trajectory is approximately 50 cm, then the average trajectory during such shooting will take the most advantageous position.

Similar calculations for various targets for all types of small arms lead to the following conclusion: when opening fire at a direct shot range, the aiming point should be taken in the middle of the target, and as the target approaches, lower the aiming point to the lower edge; at half the direct shot range, select the aiming point below the middle of the lower edge of the target by 1/3 of the figure; with the subsequent approach of the target, select the aiming point again in the middle of the lower edge of the target.

Without significantly reducing the reliability of shooting for practice, you can simplify the above conclusion and accept the following rule: at a direct shot range, open fire with a sight corresponding to this range, aiming at the middle of the target; at shorter distances, with the same sight, aim at the middle of the lower edge of the target.

Thus, with the same installation of the sight, you can change the aiming point to achieve a more favorable position of the average trajectory relative to the center of the target.

Selecting the initial rear sight setting

When shooting at a stationary target under the table conditions, the initial setting of the rear sight is “zero” and the aiming point in the middle of the target corresponds to the most advantageous position of the average trajectory in the lateral direction. Deviation of the average trajectory may be a consequence of the action of crosswind and diversion.

Headwinds and tailwinds have little effect on shooting, so shooters usually neglect their effect; for example, with a firing range of 600 m, a strong (10 m/sec) head or tail wind changes the average point of impact at a height of only 4 cm.

However, crosswinds significantly deflect bullets to the side, even when shooting at close ranges. Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction.

The side wind causes the bullets to deviate from the firing plane in the direction in which it blows.

Derivation always causes bullets to deviate to the right from the firing plane. The directional corrections given in the shooting tables show that the main influence on the directional deflection of bullets is the side wind. So, for example, a side wind with a speed of 10 m/sec at a distance of 500 m deflects a rifle bullet when firing from machine guns and rifles by 1.7-1.8 m, and a bullet from a mod. 1943 when firing from light machine guns and machine guns - 3.2-3.4 m from the firing plane. Derivation at this range causes the bullet to deflect by only 0.03 - 0.07 m. Therefore, for small arms, corrections for derivation are not taken into account, only the influence of side wind is taken into account.

Depending on the strength and direction of the wind during shooting, you should either make a lateral adjustment of the sight, or move the aiming point to the side, taking into account the deflection of bullets under the influence of the wind (when shooting at figured targets).

Arrows determine the strength and direction of the wind by various local signs - using a flag, the movement of smoke, the vibration of grass, bushes and trees, etc. The strength of the wind is determined by its speed in meters per second.

Wind speed is determined with sufficient accuracy by simple signs: in a weak wind (2-3 m/sec), the handkerchief and flag sway and flutter slightly; in moderate winds (4-6 m/sec), the flag is kept unfurled and the scarf flutters; in a strong wind (8-12 m/sec), the flag flutters noisily, the scarf is torn from the hands, etc.

The shooting manuals contain tables of corrections for a moderate side wind (4 m/sec) blowing perpendicular to the shooting plane.

Let's show how you can derive a mnemonic rule for calculating corrections for crosswinds. To do this, we use from the instructions the rounded values ​​of corrections for a moderate side wind (speed 4 m/sec) in human figures (see table).

It immediately becomes clear that for the 7.62 mm machine gun cartridge mod. 1943 table corrections are equal to the sight setting value minus 2; for example, at 300 m the correction is 3-2 = 1 figure, at 400 m - 4-2 = 2 figures, etc. For 5.45 mm machine gun and 7.62 mm rifle cartridges, these corrections are at a distance of up to 500 m (i.e. at a distance slightly greater than the range of a direct shot) is two times less: at 300 m - 1: 2 = 0.5 figures, at 400 m - 2: 2 = 1 figure, etc.

For ease of remembering, the conclusion drawn can be formulated as follows: from a weapon chambered for a 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 “a moderate wind carries a bullet as much as throwing two away from a sight,” and the bullet of a 5.45 mm and 7.62 mm rifle cartridge is half as large.

For weapons with a rear sight, crosswind corrections can be taken into account using the rear sight. Usually the wind has a relatively constant speed and direction, therefore, by setting the rear sight taking into account the wind, you can shoot at different targets at the same level with the same rear sight setting.

The wind, which blows at an acute angle to the firing plane, will cause bullet deflections approximately 2 times less than those calculated for a side wind blowing at a right angle to the firing direction.

The amount of lateral deflection of bullets is directly proportional to wind speed. Therefore, in a strong wind (speed 8 m/sec), the corrections must be taken twice as large, and in a weak wind (2 m/sec) - half as much as the tabulated ones.

The given rules for simplifying the calculation of corrections when preparing initial data provide practically sufficient accuracy in taking into account the external conditions of shooting in a field situation and, as practice shows, are easily absorbed by personnel. The use of these rules must be practiced in all shooting classes.

Sergey Monetchikov Photo by Vladimir Nikolaychuk and from the author’s archive

Choosing the moment to open fire

163. The moment to open fire is determined by the commander’s “Fire” command, and in the case of independent fire, depending on the situation and the position of the target.

The most advantageous moments for opening fire: when the target can be hit suddenly at close range; when the target is clearly visible; when the target crowds, exposes the flank or rises to its full height; when the target approaches a local object (landmark), the sight setting of which is determined by shooting; when driving, when the vibration of the car is minimal.

A sudden fire attack on the enemy (especially from the flank) has a stunning effect on him and causes him the greatest defeat.

Conducting fire, monitoring its results and adjusting

164. When firing, the machine gunner (machine gunner) must carefully observe the results of his fire and adjust it.

The results of your fire are monitored by ricochets, bullet paths and the enemy’s behavior.

Fire adjustment is made by changing the position of the aiming point in height and lateral direction or by changing the installation of the sight and rear sight. The aiming point is set to the amount of deviation of ricochets or tracks in the direction opposite to their deviation from the target (Fig. 94). If the deviation of bullets from the target in range exceeds 100 m, then it is necessary to change the sight setting by one division. To adjust the fire along the routes, it is necessary that the shooting be carried out with cartridges with ordinary and tracer bullets in the ratio: for three cartridges with ordinary bullets, one cartridge with a tracer bullet, the first should be a cartridge with a tracer bullet. It is not recommended to use cartridges with a tracer bullet in clear weather (bullet traces are poorly visible). Firing only cartridges with a tracer bullet leads to increased wear on the bore.

Rice. 94. Removing the aiming point when adjusting fire

165. Signs indicating the reality of friendly fire can be: enemy losses, his transition from dashes to crawls, dismemberment and deployment of columns, weakening or cessation of enemy fire, his withdrawal or retreat to cover.

Rules for shooting from small arms

The default settings are:

— sight;

— aiming point in height and lateral direction;

— installation of a rear sight (for weapons with a rear sight).

To select a sight, aiming point and rear sight, it is necessary to determine the range to the target and take into account external conditions that may affect the range and direction of the bullet.

The sight, rear sight and aiming point are selected in such a way that when shooting, the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Sight to target ratio

When firing from an AK-74M at a distance of up to 400 m, fire should be carried out, as a rule, with a sight of 4 (3) or “P”, aiming at the lower edge of the target or the middle if the target is high (running figure, etc.) .

When shooting at ranges exceeding 400 m, the sight is set in accordance with the range to the target, rounded to the nearest hundred meters; The aiming point in this case is the middle of the target.

When shooting at a direct shot range, open fire with a sight corresponding to the direct shot range, rounded to whole hundreds of meters, aiming at the middle of the target, no less distance with the same sight, aiming at the middle of the lower edge of the target.

When shooting at a distance exceeding 400 m, shooting can be carried out with a sight that exceeds the range to the target, and the aiming point can be selected so that the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target.

To select a sight, it is necessary to correctly determine the range to the target, and to select an aiming point, be able to determine the amount of excess of the trajectory above the aiming line at various distances and know the height of the target.

The tabulated trajectory data corresponds to normal shooting conditions. The following are accepted as normal conditions:

1. Meteorological:

— atmospheric pressure — 750 mmHg;

— air temperature — +15°С;

— relative air humidity — 50%;

— there is no wind.

2. Ballistic:

— the weight of the bullet, the initial speed of the bullet and the angle of departure are equal to the values ​​​​indicated in the shooting table;

— charge temperature — +15°С;

— the shape of the bullet corresponds to the drawing;

— the weapon is brought to normal combat.

3. Topographic:

— the target is on the horizon of the weapon;

— there is no lateral tilt of the weapon.

Deviations of air temperature from the table ones cause a change in the flight range of the bullet, increasing it when shooting in summer conditions and decreasing it in winter.

When shooting from an AK-74 at a distance of over 400 m at an air temperature above -25°C, select the aiming point on the upper edge of the target, and at an air temperature below -25°C, increase the sight corresponding to the range to the target by one division.

Cross wind has a significant impact on shooting results. The amount of bullet deflection depends on the speed and direction of the crosswind and the distance to the target. In this regard, it is necessary to make corrections for side winds, these corrections are taken into account:

— AK — aiming point offset in figures or meters.

The wind can be:

— weak 2-3 m/sec;

— moderate 4-6 m/sec;

— strong 8-10 m/sec.

Topic 2.8. Tactical training

Movement of a soldier in battle. Movement on the battlefield.

Movement of soldiers in battle (movement of a soldier in battle)

The technique of moving a group in battle is based on one principle or method: first suppress, and then run, or “one covers, the other runs.” This method resembles walking, in which one leg is fixed on the ground and the other moves. This is why this method is sometimes called the “one foot on the ground” method.

Shooting at stationary and emerging targets

166. Fire at a single clearly visible target in short or long bursts, depending on the importance of the target, its size and distance to it. The more dangerous or the further away the target, the longer the queue should be. The fire continues until the target is destroyed or disappears.

167. To hit an emerging target, it is necessary, having noticed the place of its appearance, to quickly prepare to shoot and open fire. Quickly opening fire is critical to hitting a target. If the target disappeared during preparation for shooting, when it reappears, clarify the aiming and open fire.

When shooting at a repeatedly appearing target, you should keep in mind that it may appear in a new place, so defeating it will depend on attentiveness during observation, the speed of preparing to fire and opening fire.

Hit the emerging target with bursts, quickly following one after another.

168. Fire at a group target, consisting of individual, clearly visible figures, in bursts, sequentially transferring fire from one figure to another.

169. A wide target, consisting of unclearly visible figures or a camouflaged one, and a single camouflaged target should be fired at with bullets scattered along the front of the target (mask) or with a sequential transfer of the aiming point from one flank of the target (mask) to the other.

170. Shoot at attacking enemy personnel at a distance of 200 m and closer in long bursts with bullets scattered along the front of the target.

The dispersion of bullets along the front when firing is achieved by angular movement of the machine gun (machine gun) along the horizon. The speed of angular movement of an assault rifle (machine gun) when firing with bullets scattered along the front of the target depends on the firing range and the required fire density. In this case, the density of fire in all cases must be at least two bullets for every meter of the target front.

Shooting at moving targets

171. When the target moves towards or away from the shooter at a distance not exceeding the range of a direct shot, fire with the sight set corresponding to the range of a direct shot. At a distance exceeding the range of a direct shot, fire with the sight set corresponding to the range at which the target may be at the moment of opening fire.

172. When shooting at a target moving at an angle to the direction of fire, the aiming point must be chosen in front of the target and at such a distance from it that during the flight of the bullet the target will move this distance. The distance the target moves during the bullet's flight to it is called lead

. The lead for target movement is taken in target figures or in meters.

When firing from a machine gun, lead can be taken before the start of shooting using the rear sight, while the rear sight moves in the direction of the target's movement and aiming is done at the middle of the target. If shooting conditions do not allow the rear sight to be installed, then the lead is taken in target figures or in meters.

173. To determine the lead when firing from an assault rifle (machine gun) at a target moving at an angle of 90° to the direction of fire, use the following table.

When the target moves at an acute angle to the direction of fire, the lead is taken to be half that indicated in the table.

When the target moves at a speed greater (smaller) than indicated in the table, the lead increases (decreases) in proportion to the change in the speed of the target.

174. Fire at a target moving at an angle to the direction of fire is carried out by tracking the target or by waiting for the target (fire attack).

When firing by tracking a target

The machine gunner (machine gunner), taking the required lead and moving the machine gun (machine gun) in the direction of the target's movement, at the moment of the most correct aiming, fires in short or long bursts, depending on the firing range and the speed of the target.

When firing by waiting for the target

(fire attack) - the machine gunner (machine gunner) takes aim at a point chosen in front of the target, and as the target approaches this point by one and a half to two table leads, firmly holding the machine gun (machine gun), fires a long burst; then, if the target is not hit, selects a new aiming point in front of it, takes aim, and when the target approaches it by the amount of the required lead, fires a long burst again, etc. If, when firing from a machine gun, the lead is taken using the rear sight, fire opens when combined equal front sight with the middle of the target.

175. The use of tracer bullets when shooting at moving targets provides better observation of the results of shooting and the ability to refine the lead.

Organizing the determination of shooting settings

41. The organization of determining installations for firing is carried out by the commander of the division (battery). It includes:

clarification of the combat mission of a combined arms unit (unit) and fire missions set by the combined arms commander and senior artillery commander (chief);

clarification (purpose) of the main direction of fire; selection (clarification) of a method for determining (updating) settings for firing according to combat missions (periods of fire engagement);

determining the number of benchmarks (depending on the size of the target area) that need to be created (shot);

clarification of data on units and firing conditions necessary to determine installations; determining corrections for deviations of firing conditions from the table ones and plotting graphs of the calculated corrections and firing rate, and, if necessary, transmitting corrections to the batteries;

preparation of means for determining shooting settings; checking the correctness of determination of shooting settings.

42. When understanding the combat mission of a combined arms unit (unit), the fire missions set by the combined arms commander and the senior artillery commander (chief), the division (battery) commander determines the intended target area, the shortest and longest ranges and the extreme directions of fire to the right and left.

43. The shortest firing range is determined from the front border of the division’s firing positions area to the near border of the target area, and the greatest range is determined from the rear border of the division’s firing positions area to the far border of the target area.

The extreme right direction of fire is determined from the firing position of the division's left battery to the right border of the target area, and the extreme left direction is determined from the firing position of the division's right battery to the left border of the target area.

44. The main direction of fire is indicated by the directional angle (rounded to 1-00) to the middle of the target area.

45. The method for determining shooting settings is prescribed depending on the conditions of the situation, the completeness and accuracy of the measures for preparing fire and fire control, the availability of data on shooting conditions, the capabilities of reconnaissance and shooting maintenance equipment.

Firing installations are determined at the division fire control point and at battery firing positions. They can also be determined at command and observation posts (COPs) of batteries.

The main means of determining shooting settings is a computer. Firing settings can also be determined using instruments and calculation methods.

46. ​​The senior battery officer reports to the division fire control point and the battery commander:

coordinates and height of the battery firing position (OP); the number of guns in the battery and the number of the main gun (if necessary);

smallest sights (shortest firing ranges); availability of ammunition by type and lot;

total deviation of the initial velocity of projectiles for each batch and charge number;

charge temperature;

results of shooting (creating) benchmarks.

47. The battery commander reports to the commander (chief of staff) of the division:

coordinates and altitude of the battery command and observation post;

data specified in Art. 46.

The battery commander reports the coordinates and altitude of the control point to the senior battery officer.

48. The division commander reports to the division fire control point and batteries the coordinates and altitude of the division command and observation post, associated observation points (if necessary) and the coordinates of radar positions.

Over open communication channels, coordinates are reported only in encoded form.

49. In batteries, after determining (receiving) the calculated or targeted corrections and topographic data, graphs of the calculated corrections (firing coefficient) are constructed.

50. At the division fire control point, a graph of calculated corrections is constructed for the firing conditions of one (improved) battery of the division. When determining settings for other batteries, take into account the diversity of the main weapons of these batteries and the difference in temperature of the charges (if necessary) relative to the main weapon of the battery at hand.

51. Calculated (targeted) settings of the sight, fuse (tube), level and additional rotation from the main direction of fire are determined in the battery for the main gun, in the division - for the main guns of the batteries.

As a rule, the main weapon of the battery is the third gun when firing a six-gun battery or the second (fourth) gun when firing a four-gun (eight-gun) battery. When there is a platoon or dispersed arrangement of guns at a firing position, the firing installations are determined for a point taken as the OP point.

52. For shooting to kill, a concentrated fan or a fan along the width of the target is prescribed.

To determine the fan interval by target width, divide the target front in meters by the number of guns in the battery (platoon) and one thousandth of the topographic range to the target (0.001 Dts). If the target front is measured from an observation post in protractor divisions, then to determine the fan interval, divide target front by the number of guns and multiplied by the removal factor.

When correcting for a displacement of 5-00 or more, the target front in the divisions of the protractor from the firing position is taken equal to the direction correction obtained using the PRK (PUO, microcalculator) according to the deviations in range and direction of one edge of the target relative to the other. To calculate the fan interval, the adjustment is divided by the number of guns in the battery (platoon).

53. When organizing a check of the correctness of determining the settings for shooting, a procedure for monitoring the correct preparation of fire control devices and determining the settings for shooting is prescribed.

The procedure for monitoring the correct preparation for operation of fire control devices and constructing graphs of calculated corrections is established in advance, for which a point is assigned, for example, in the main direction from the division control point at a distance of 3 km. At this point, topographic data (signal “Control-1”) and calculated settings (signal “Control-2”) are verified. According to the commands of the chief of staff of the Cherry division. Control-1″, “Cherry”. Control-2″ senior officers (commanders) of the batteries control the operation of the computers and report the required data to the division fire control point. It is considered that fire control devices are prepared correctly if the discrepancy in topographic (calculated) ranges does not exceed 50 m, and the discrepancy in topographic (calculated) additional turns is 0-05.

The division chief of staff checks the data received from the batteries with the data calculated at the division fire control point, and (if necessary) gives instructions to eliminate errors.

Examples: 1. “Cherry”. Control 1, right." 2. "Pear". "Plum". Control-2, right. "Cherry".

Check the sight." 54. Calculated (targeted) installations for shooting at targets, benchmarks and landmarks, as well as data from the Shooting Tables and coefficients necessary to determine adjustments during zeroing and shooting to kill, are recorded in the tables of calculated installations for shooting of the division and battery (Appendix 3) .

55. Gun commanders enter individual adjustments for their guns into the calculated firing installations:

to the level (sight) - for discrepancy, for the difference in temperature of charges (for self-propelled artillery), ledge and elevation relative to the main one (OP point), for discrepancy in the elevation angle of the barrel along the sight and quadrant, and for deviation of the mass of shells;

in the protractor - for the deviation of the aiming line and for the interval (with a platoon or dispersed arrangement of guns at a firing position);

in the installation of the fuse (tube) - on the discord and on the ledge of the guns relative to the main one (OP point).

Individual amendments may be ignored:

in the level (sight) and in the installation of the fuse (tube) for discord - when the disparity of the guns relative to the main one does not exceed 0.5% Vo;

in the level (sight) and in the installation of the fuse (tube) on the ledge - with a linear arrangement of guns on the OP;

in the level (sight) for the temperature difference of the charges - with a difference not exceeding 20C;

to the level (sight) for excess - if the excess of the gun relative to the main one is no more than 0.001 Dts;

in the level (sight) for deviation of the mass of projectiles - if the deviation of the mass of the projectile from normal does not exceed two signs;

in the level (sight) for a discrepancy between the barrel elevation angle along the sight and the quadrant - if the discrepancy does not exceed 2 thousand;

into the protractor to shift the aiming line - if the deviation does not exceed 0-03.

Shooting at air targets

176. Fire from machine guns (machine guns) at airplanes, helicopters and paratroopers is carried out as part of a squad or platoon at a distance of up to 500 m with the installation of sight 4 or “P”.

Open fire on airplanes and helicopters only at the command of the commander, and on paratroopers - on command or independently.

177. At an aircraft diving towards the shooter, fire with continuous fire with a 4 or “P” sight, aiming at the head of the target or aiming a machine gun (machine gun) down the barrel. Open fire from a range of 700-900 m.

178. At an aircraft flying to the side or above a machine gunner (machine gunner), fire is carried out in a barrage or accompanying manner.

Barrage fire is fired at low-flying aircraft with a flight speed of more than 150 m/sec.

When firing in a defensive manner

The fire of a squad or platoon is concentrated at the command of the commander in the direction of movement of the approaching aircraft (Fig. 95). In the direction indicated in the command, the machine gunner (machine gunner) gives the machine gun (machine gun) an elevation angle of approximately 45° and opens fire, holding the machine gun (machine gun) in the given direction. Shooting is carried out with continuous fire until the aircraft leaves the fire zone. If the machine gunner clearly sees the direction of the tracks of his machine gun (machine gun) near the target, then he is allowed, without stopping firing, to slightly move the machine gun (machine gun) towards the target, achieving alignment of the tracks with the target.

Rice. 95. Firing defensive fire at an aircraft:

a - walking along the front of the platoon position; b - walking at an angle to the front line of the platoon position

When adjusting fire along the tracks, it should be borne in mind that the tracks directed at the aircraft appear to the shooter to be above the aircraft and somewhat ahead of it.

At slow-flying air targets - helicopters, transport aircraft - fire is carried out in an accompanying manner.

. Lead is determined and counted in the visible dimensions of the target (in figures). When firing in an accompanying manner, the machine gunner (machine gunner) maintains the aiming line in front of the aircraft (helicopter) by the amount of the required lead and fires a long burst.

179. To determine the lead when firing at air targets, use the following table.

Note. The length of the aircraft body is assumed to be 15 m, and that of the helicopter – 8 m.

180. The paratroopers are fired in long bursts. Place the aiming point in the direction of the parachutist's descent by the amount indicated in the table. The lead is counted from the middle of the parachutist’s figure (Fig. 96).

Rice. 96. Taking out the aiming point when shooting at a parachutist

TOPIC No. 3: Basics and rules of shooting.

LESSON No. 2 Assigning initial settings (selection of a sight and aiming point) for firing from a machine gun from a place at stationary and appearing targets. Correction of shooting. Determining corrections for deviations of meteorological conditions from normal and taking them into account when assigning initial settings for shooting. Solving fire problems.

Shooting includes firing a burst (shot), observing the results of shooting and correcting it. Firing is usually carried out until the target is hit (destroyed, suppressed or destroyed).

The choice of target to engage is made based on an assessment of its importance, removal and vulnerability.

When assessing several targets for destruction, you should choose the most important target at the moment, and from equally important ones, the closest and most vulnerable one.

When operating on foot, target designation in most cases is carried out: relative to landmarks; firing cartridges with tracer bullets; signal flares fired in the direction of the target.

The range to the target is determined: by eye, by the angular value of the target, using electron-optical rangefinders.

The distance to the target is determined by eye: by comparing it with the known range to the landmark; along sections of terrain that are well imprinted in visual memory; according to the degree of visibility and apparent size of the target, as well as by combining the last two techniques.

The range to the target by its angular value is determined when shooting from a place and from a stop. For this purpose, the reticle scales of an optical sight or observation device, as well as sighting devices of small arms, are used.

Determining the range using sighting devices is done by comparing the visible size of the target with the covering value of the front sight or sight slot. In addition, calculations can be made using the thousandth formula

L = H (W) * 1000

U

where D is the distance to the target (object), m;

H (W) – height (width) of the target (object), m;

1000 – constant value;Δ

Y is the angle at which the target (object) is visible, in thousandths.

To determine the range to a target using the thousandth formula, you need to know the height or width of this target and its angular value.

The direction of movement of the target is determined visually by its heading angle (the angle between the direction of movement of the target and the direction of fire). It can be frontal, oblique or flanking. Frontal is the movement of the target towards the shooter (or away from him) at heading angles from 0 to 30o (or from 150 to 180o); oblique - at heading angles from 30 to 60° (or from 120 to 150°); flank - at angles from 60 to 120o.

The magnitude of the direction correction for the movement of one's vehicle is determined and taken into account when firing from machine guns and machine guns on the move, when the vehicle has a flanking or oblique movement relative to the target. This is explained by the fact that when firing on the move towards the right or left side of an armored personnel carrier, the bullet, leaving the barrel of the weapon with a certain initial speed, retains the speed of the vehicle by inertia. To take this into account when shooting, it is necessary to turn the barrel of the weapon towards the target in the direction opposite to the movement of the vehicle.

When firing at enemy personnel from any machine gun, the correction of the direction to the flanking movement of the vehicle can also be taken into account by moving the aiming point out by a number of figures equal to the number of hundreds of meters to the target.

Determination of corrections for deviations of shooting conditions from normal. The following are considered to be the basic normal conditions:

meteorological conditions: atmospheric pressure 750 mm Hg. Art.; relative air humidity 50%; there is no wind;

ballistic conditions: bullet mass, initial velocity and departure angle are equal to the values ​​​​indicated in the shooting tables; charge temperature 15°C; the height of the front sight is set based on the data of bringing the weapon to normal combat; sight heights correspond to the table aiming angles;

topographic conditions: the target is on the horizon of the weapon, there is no lateral tilt of the weapon.

If firing conditions deviate from the table ones, it may be necessary to determine and take into account corrections for the firing range and direction.

Range corrections are taken into account when assigning initial settings by increasing (decreasing) the sight setting or increasing (decreasing) the aiming point.

When firing from small arms, the most significant range corrections are corrections for changes in air temperature (powder charge), and when firing from an RPG-7 grenade launcher, in addition to this, corrections for longitudinal wind.

When shooting beyond the specified ranges, corrections for temperature (ΔХ t) can be determined by the formula ΔХ t = ТПр

4

T – deviation of air temperature from the table (15o);

Pr – setting the sight corresponding to the distance to the target;

4 is a constant number.

If shooting must be carried out in conditions where several corrections need to be learned, the total corrections of range and direction are determined.

The total range correction is determined by adding the corrections (taking into account their signs). When determining the total range correction, the following corrections are taken into account: for the frontal (oblique) movement of the target, as well as for temperature. In certain cases, range corrections for strong longitudinal winds and atmospheric pressure deviations (when shooting in the mountains) are also taken into account.

Shooting in the mountains

181. In the mountains, when shooting at ranges over 400 m, if the terrain altitude above sea level exceeds 2000 m, the sight corresponding to the target range, due to the reduced air density, should be reduced by 1 division; if the terrain altitude above sea level is less than 2000 m, then do not reduce the sight, but select the aiming point at the lower edge of the target.

When shooting in the mountains from bottom to top or top to bottom at ranges over 400 m and target elevation angles of less than 30°, the aiming point should be selected at the lower edge of the target, and at target elevation angles of more than 30°, the sight corresponding to the target range should be reduced by 1 division.

Rules for assigning initial settings for shooting

Depending on the conditions of the combat situation, the preparation of initial data for firing can be carried out:

- in advance (according to landmarks and boundaries where the appearance of

enemy, according to planned fire concentration areas)

- directly according to goals.

With advance preparation

are more precisely defined:

— distances (using instruments, maps, etc.);

— corrections for changes in shooting conditions can be calculated using tables; shooters have sufficient time to make calculations.

Preparation of data directly on the target is usually carried out in the shortest possible time, often under the influence of enemy fire, when it is impossible to make any calculations on paper. Therefore, in preparing data for shooting, methods of more complete and accurate calculations must be mastered, as well as the simplest solutions in the mind, without recording, with the use of field (mnemonic) rules.

Selecting the initial sight setting and aiming point height

The starting point for choosing a sight and aiming point is the distance to the target or line at which fire is planned.

When accurately determining the distance to the target and under tabulated shooting conditions, the sight is assigned according to the distance to the target, and the aiming point is selected in the center of the target. In this case, the average trajectory will pass through the middle of the target and the probability of a hit will be greatest (Fig. 1).

For modern small arms with high accuracy, under such conditions, the target is usually hit with the first burst.

The decisive factor in obtaining such a result is the accurate determination of the range to the target.

.

Rice. 1. Selecting a sight and aiming point.

In motorized rifle units, the main way to determine distances to targets is the eye

; in some cases, ranges can be determined by the angular values ​​of objects (targets) on a map. When preparing in advance, it can sometimes be difficult to measure distances in steps.

When the linear dimensions of a typical target or a local object near it are known, the thousandths formula can be used to determine the distance:

D=(H x 1000)/U

where: D —range to target, m;

B is the linear magnitude of the target (local object), m;

Y is the angle at which the target (local object) is visible, in thousandths.

The angle at which the target is visible is determined using binoculars or improvised means.

In field conditions, soldiers and sergeants can use the sights of their weapons to determine distances to targets. To do this, you need to know the covering value of the front sight and the slot of the weapon's sight.

Determining distances to targets using sighting devices is done by comparing the visible size of the target with the covering value of the front sight or sight slot (Fig. 2). In this case, the weapon is held in the ready-to-fire position.

Rice. 2. Determining distances using sights

If, for example, the apparent width of a person’s figure (0.5 m) is equal to the width of the front sight, then the range to the target is 200 m; if the figure appears to be twice as narrow as the front sight, the range to it is 400 m.

The sight slot of a weapon can be used in the same way.

The covering value of the front sight or sight slot can be determined by the formula

K=(D x r)/d

where: K is the covering value of the front sight (sight slot);

D - distance to target;

p — size of the front sight (sight slot);

d is the distance from the eye to the front sight or sight slot.

For calculation, the distance from the eye to the top of the front sight with sufficient accuracy for practice is taken equal to:

- for AKM assault rifle -0.65 m,

- RPK light machine gun -0.80 m,

- PK machine gun -0.85 m. (All other values ​​for calculation are also taken in meters.)

More accurately, distances can be determined using a map (scale 1:25000) or by measuring the area in steps (counting a couple of steps as 1.5 m).

The accuracy of determining distances is characterized by the following values ​​of median errors (U):

- using the eye method and according to the thousandth formula -10% D

— when determining the range from the map — 5% D,

- measuring the terrain by steps and by the sound of shots - 4% D.

Conclusion:

1. At distances up to 400 m, do not make any adjustments to the firing range.

2. At distances over 400 m, adjustments should be made to the firing range:

— at temperatures below zero — +50 m;

— at temperatures below minus 25° C +100 m.

The range correction plus 50 m is practically achieved by choosing an aiming point on the upper edge of the target.

In general, the rule for assigning the initial sight setting can be formulated as follows:

— in summer conditions, it is advisable to assign a sight to all firing ranges

according to the distance to the target;

- in winter, when shooting at distances over 400 m, the aiming point should be

select on the upper edge of the target, and at low temperatures (below -25° C) -

increase the sight by one division.

Changing air pressure does not have a significant effect on the flight of a bullet. This is only true when shooting on flat terrain.

The purpose of the initial installation of the sight when shooting small arms is inextricably linked with the choice of the aiming point. So, when installing a sight corresponding to the distance to the target (for example, at 500 m sight 5), the most advantageous aiming point in height is the middle of the target.

When shooting at small targets and when the target is difficult to see, the aiming point is chosen at the lower edge of the target.

The side wind causes the bullets to deviate from the firing plane in the direction in which it blows.

When moving out the aiming point, the figures must be counted from the middle of the target, and not from its edge, since the magnitude of the deviations of the bullets is in the lateral direction; were calculated from the middle of the figure (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Removal of the aiming point taking into account wind correction in figures

goals: a - to the left one figure; b - to the right one and a half figures

The given rules for simplifying the calculation of corrections when preparing initial data provide practically sufficient accuracy in taking into account the external conditions of shooting in a field situation and, as practice shows, are easily absorbed by personnel. The use of these rules must be practiced in all shooting training sessions in order to develop solid skills in their application among all categories of shooters.

Second question

Shooting in low visibility conditions

182. Shooting at illuminated targets at night is carried out in the same way as during the day. While illuminating the area, the machine gunner (machine gunner), having discovered the target, quickly sets the sight, takes aim and fires a burst.

When the target is briefly illuminated (for example, the area is illuminated by lighting cartridges), fire must be fired with a 4 or “P” sight, aiming at the target if the range to the target is no more than 400 m, and at the top of the target if the target is at a distance of more than 400 m .

To avoid temporary blindness, do not look at the light source.

183. Shooting at a target at night, revealing itself by flashes of shots, is carried out with the sight set to 4 or “P” in long bursts. Fire opens at the moment when flashes of shots are visible in the center of the front sight fuse and on the engraving of the sighting bar (Fig. 97). In cases where the front sight safety and the sighting rib are not visible, the machine gun (machine gun) is aimed at the target along the barrel.

Rice. 97. Aiming when shooting at a target that reveals itself in flashes of shots, using the front sight safety and the aiming bar

If a device for shooting at night with luminous dots is used, then aim according to the flashes of shots, as shown in Fig. 98, a. When using a device for shooting at night with luminous stripes, when aiming, take a straight front sight, which is combined with the flashes of shots (Fig. 98, b).

Rice. 98. Aiming when shooting at night using self-luminous attachments:

a - having luminous points; b - having luminous stripes;

1 - rear sight; 2 — front sight; 3 — luminous points; 4 — luminous stripes; 5 - flashes of shots

184. To shoot at a target whose silhouette is visible against the sky, the glow of a fire, or snow, you need to point the machine gun (machine gun) next to the target against a light background and take an even front sight (Fig. 99). Then, moving the machine gun (machine gun), place the aiming line in the middle of the silhouette and open fire. Shooting is carried out in long bursts. When shooting at targets visible against a dark background (forest, bushes), the machine gun (machine gun) is aimed at the barrel.

Rice. 99. Method of aiming in silhouette

185. In advance preparation for firing at night from a machine gun, a trench is cut out in the parapet in such a way that the machine gun placed in it is aimed at the line where the enemy is likely to appear; the skids of the bipod legs of the machine gun are limited by pegs, so that they can make the necessary longitudinal movements; the lateral movement of the machine gun (machine gun) in a given sector is limited by pegs; The height position of the machine gun is fixed with a layer of turf (dense snow, a board with cutouts, etc.) placed under the pistol grip.

186. To better adjust fire when shooting at night, it is advisable to use cartridges with tracer bullets.

187. Firing at targets located in the immediate vicinity of the machine gunner (machine gunner) and detected by sound is carried out in long bursts with the machine gun (machine gun) directed along the barrel in the direction of the sound.

188. Shooting at targets located behind a smoke screen or mask is carried out in long bursts with bullets scattered along the front.

Artillery fire adjustment

3.1. General recommendations

When performing fire missions, the KAO is guided by the provisions of the Rules for Firing and Artillery Fire Control (PSiUO-96), Part I, taking into account the following features.

Fire adjustment on elevated plains and wide mountain valleys is carried out according to general rules, as on flat terrain

When conducting reconnaissance, determining invisibility fields is mandatory.

Determination of installations for firing is carried out at firing positions.

The main ways to determine settings

for shooting to kill are zeroing in on the target and transferring fire from the reference point (target). In addition, lethal shooting settings can be determined by the full preparation method or using ERP data.

Reduced preparation and visual transfer of fire are used only when determining the settings for opening fire when zeroing in on a target (benchmark).

When transferring fire by eye, using data from a previously sighted target, the adjustment of the DU level is determined with an accuracy of up to 1 thousand in the following ways.

When detecting a new target using an angle measuring device (binoculars), DUR is calculated using the formula:

DUR = DMnts·Ku,

where DMnts is the angular elevation of the new target relative to the targeted one, measured from an observation point using an angle measuring device (binoculars).

The removal coefficient is calculated based on the new target detection data.

When detecting a new target using a rangefinder, DUR is calculated using the formula:

Dhnts

DUR =

0.001 Dts

where Dhnts is the elevation of the new target relative to the targeted one, defined in meters.

The height of the new target relative to the targeted one in meters is determined according to the graph or calculated using the formula

Dhnts = Mts · 0.001 Dnts - Mts · 0.001 Dts,

where Mnts and Mts are the elevation angles of the new and fired target, measured from the horizon of the observation point;

Dnnts and Dnts - slant ranges from the observation point to the new and targeted targets.

KAO may be involved in detecting fictitious benchmark ruptures.

Sighting targets located on slopes

, facing the observation point, or on horizontal platforms, the height of which is less than the height of the observation point, are carried out, as a rule, using a rangefinder or according to a schedule. In the absence of a rangefinder, these targets are targeted by observing the signs of explosions with an eye assessment of the deviations of the explosions along the range.

When shooting by observing the signs of discontinuities, the adjustment of the level DUR is calculated using the formula

DUR = — DМр ·Ку ,

where DМр is the angular elevation of the gap relative to the target, measured from an observation point using an angle measuring device (binoculars).

Level correction for exceeding the gap relative to the target is introduced when shooting at elevation angles up to 45.

If there are no coordinates of the observation point, the shooting is carried out according to the schedule.

When zeroing in conditions that make it difficult to observe the explosion, it is advisable to fire the first shot with a smoke projectile.

When shooting according to observation of gap signs or a schedule

Only those ruptures that occurred on the same slope (platform) with the target are taken into account. When gaps are obtained on other slopes, corrections are introduced to obtain a gap on the slope (platform) where the target is located.

Shooting using a rangefinder

are carried out according to general rules, with the slant range leading to the horizon. The excess of the gap above the target Dhp is determined in meters according to the graph or calculated using the formula:

Dhr = Мр· 0.001Dnr – Mts · 0.001Dnts,

where, Dnr is the slant distance from the observation point to the gap.

Correction of the level or sight for exceeding the gap (the center of the group of gaps) relative to the target is calculated with an accuracy of 1 thousand using the formula:

DUR = .

For shooting according to schedule

(Fig. 3.1) two mutually perpendicular lines are drawn on a sheet of checkered paper: the vertical line is taken as the observation line, the horizontal line is taken as the line of lateral deviations for the observation point, and the point of intersection of these lines is taken as the target point.

When drawing a break on the graph, the scale is taken: horizontally - 1 protractor division of 1...2 mm, vertically - 1 protractor division of 5...10 mm.

At the calculated installations, one shot is prescribed and, based on the deviations measured using the horizontal and vertical grid scales of the observation device, a gap is plotted on the graph.

In cases where the deviations can be used to judge the position of the gap in range, first look for the range scale, and then the scale of lateral deviations. To do this, the second shot is prescribed at the sight setting corresponding to the range, increased or decreased by 200...400 m (depending on the resulting deviation, length and slope of the ramp) with the expectation of capturing the target at the range fork. Having plotted the second break on the graph, connect the points of the first and second breaks with a straight line showing the direction of fire. Dividing the resulting segment into 4...8 parts, a range scale is obtained with a division value of 50 m.

The third shot is prescribed on the sight, in which the gap occurred closer to the target, but with the protractor changed by 20...40 divisions, with the expectation of capturing the target in the protractor fork.

By plotting the third break on the graph and connecting the point with a straight line to the point of the previous break, a line of lateral deviations for the firing position is obtained. By dividing this segment into 4...8 parts, we obtain a scale of lateral deviations with a division value of 0-05.

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40

Example. Observations: P1_- P40, N6; P2 -P10, V6; R3 -L40, V4.

Corrections: to the right - 19, range less than 170;

Observation: P4 -P15, N1

Corrections: to the left 0-11, range greater than 50.

Rice. 3.1 Grid for determining adjustments when shooting according to the schedule.

To determine the corrections, a target line is drawn through the target point parallel to the segment connecting the points of the first and second breaks, and a line of lateral deviations is drawn parallel to the segment connecting the points of the second and third breaks. The lateral deviation line segment corresponds to the direction correction, and the MC segment corresponds to the range correction. Having made adjustments to the sight and protractor, they proceed to shooting to kill according to the general rules.

If the range cannot be judged from the first discontinuity, but its directional position can be estimated, first look for the scale of lateral deviations, and then the range scale.

It is allowed to proceed to finding the scale of lateral deviations if the target is not captured in the range bracket, but the range scale is determined.

Zeroing in on a target located on a ridge

, lead by observing signs of discontinuities. Setting up the sight for the first

The shot is ordered with the expectation of getting an under-flight gap, if this does not threaten friendly troops. Having received an undershoot, the shooting is carried out by successively approaching the explosions to the target in jumps of 100...200 m; As the discontinuities approach the target, the jump is reduced.

Shooting to hit individual and group targets is carried out according to general rules, taking into account the following features:

To adjust fire when shooting to hit targets located on slopes, in addition to range and direction adjustments, level adjustments are introduced in accordance with Art. 530;

Targets located on narrow terraces are hit, as a rule, by flat fire, which is fired with high-explosive fragmentation shells at a point located 10...15 m above the target.

To ensure the safety of his troops when firing at targets located close to them, the artillery fire spotter is obliged

:

apply the most accurate methods for determining shooting settings;

start shooting with the expectation of getting the first gap to deviate from the target in the direction opposite to your troops;

conduct continuous monitoring of the shooting and the forward units of their troops, immediately cease fire upon receiving the appropriate signal;

do not open fire to hit the target without sighting, if the distance of our troops from the target is less safe.

The amount of safe distance Lbu of friendly troops from the target (the near boundary of the group target) depends on the errors in determining the settings for firing, the dispersion of shells, the radius of scattering of fragments and when firing HE shells with an impact fuse is determined by the formula:

where Units are the values ​​of the accuracy characteristics of determining settings for range shooting (see Table 1);

Vd median deviations characterizing the dispersion of projectiles over range (given in the Firing Tables);

rmax is the maximum radius of dispersion of lethal fragments (see Table 2).

Table 1.

Median errors in range Units depending on the method of determining shooting settings

table 2

Maximum radius rmax of dispersion of lethal fragments, m

The KAO is obliged in advance (before the start of hostilities) to compile a table of safe removal values ​​for existing artillery weapons.

When conducting combat operations and performing fire missions, the KAO organizes its work in the following sequence:

determines the Dstr to the target and, knowing the method for determining the settings for shooting, enters into pre-calculated tables of Lbu values, determining the safe distance of our troops from the target;

if the value of Lу (the distance of our troops from the target) is not less than Lbu, then it is allowed to open fire to kill without zeroing in on the target;

if the value of Lу is less than Lbu, then the target is in close proximity to our troops and shooting to kill is allowed only when the target is sighted with the aiming point moved towards the enemy by an amount of at least , which is calculated by the formula:

When shooting in the mountains, when our troops are located below the target level, the safe distance value is reduced by 25% of the calculated value, and when troops are located above the target level, it is increased by 1.5-2 times.

In case of doubt about the accuracy of the OP binding and determination of the target coordinates, opening fire is permitted on targets located no closer than 1 km from friendly troops. Under these conditions, the target is hit by successively approaching the explosions to the target in jumps of 100-200 m. As the explosions approach the target, the magnitude of the jump is specified.

Sighting by sequential controls according to the cardinal points

carried out when it is possible to review the target area from a ground observation point and determine the direction of one of the cardinal directions on the ground.

Sighting is carried out with single shots from the main guns or salvos from a battery (platoon) with a concentrated fan.

The spotter determines and reports to the firing position the deviation of the burst (the center of the salvo) from the target in meters. When receiving overshoots and undershoots or hits on the target in a salvo, the spotter reports that the target has been covered.

Firing is carried out until the target is covered or until the deviation of the explosions from the target is no more than 100 m. Based on the deviations obtained, corrections are determined and they proceed to shooting to kill.

Corrections are determined using the PCP, PRK or grid.

When constructing a grid for determining corrections (Fig. 3.2), two mutually perpendicular lines are drawn on a sheet of checkered paper, which are designated by the letters N-S (north-south) and W-E (west-east); the intersection of these lines is taken as the center of the target. Using the directional angle of the target, draw a target line on the grid and a line of lateral deviations perpendicular to it. On the grid scale (50 m in one cell), scales with a division value of 50 m are applied on the target line and the lateral deviation line.

Based on the deviations received from the spotter, a discontinuity (the center of a group of discontinuities) P1 is applied to the grid. From point P1, perpendiculars are lowered onto the target line and the line of lateral deviations and the range and direction adjustments are determined in meters. These adjustments are expressed respectively in the divisions of the sight and protractor for the firing position.

Forms for carrying out the shooting using the marked method are presented in the appendix.

Observation: P1 – north 300, east 200.

Corrections: sight

directions

Fig. 3.2 The procedure for determining corrections when shooting by sequential controls according to the cardinal points

Self-shooting.

Self-targeting is used if the target is located between the NP and the OP (Fig. 3.3). Shooting is carried out according to the NZR according to the general rules, taking into account the following features:

— when bringing a gap to the observation line, command a further turn, taking into account Ku, in the same direction in which the gap was observed;

- when receiving a “+” sign for NP (undershoot for OP), the firing range is increased, and when receiving a “-” sign for NP (overshoot for OP), it is reduced;

- the additional turn to Shu is always commanded in the direction in which the gap from the observation line should deviate when the firing range is increased or decreased;

— the pitch of the inclinometer (Shu) is calculated by the formula

— 30-00-PS

Shu=

0.01D

Rice. 3.3 Self-zeroing

Picketing of the area.

In some conditions (to ensure the surprise of opening fire; if observation of explosions in the target area is difficult; and also if the distance of the target object (picket) from the target is no more than 300-500 m), picketing of the area is possible (Fig. 3.4).

Fig.3.4 Chainage of the area

To determine settings based on the results of picketing the area in two or three directions at ranges of 500...1500 m, one shot is fired;

Having received a gap, point an observation device at it;

look for a clearly visible local object near the rupture site;

the installations on which the shot was fired are corrected by the amount of correction for the deviation of the gap: “to the right 0-20, range greater than 150. Write down - picket No. 1, fork in the road.”;

mark picket No. 1 on the map;

other pickets are created in the same order, all pickets are plotted on the map.

Shooting in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination

189. Shooting in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination is carried out in personal protective equipment. Shooting while wearing a gas mask is carried out in long bursts. If during shooting the sight slot and the front sight are not visible, the machine gun (machine gun) is aimed along the barrel.

When firing in areas contaminated with radioactive, poisonous or biological agents, you should first protect from them those parts of the machine gun that come into contact when firing.

The shooting rules are the same as for shooting under normal conditions.

After leaving the contaminated area, at the first opportunity, it is necessary to decontaminate (degass or disinfect) the machine gun.

Shooting while a machine gunner (machine gunner) is moving

190. Shooting while a machine gunner (machine gunner) is moving on foot, on an armored personnel carrier, infantry fighting vehicle and other means is possible from a short stop and on the move (on the move).

From a short stop, aimed fire is conducted according to the same rules as when shooting from a place. It is necessary to prepare for shooting, install the sight and aim while the vehicle is moving and braking. At the moment of stopping, check that your aim is correct and open fire.

Shooting on the move when operating on foot (on the move when operating in vehicles) due to significant and constant vibrations of the machine gun (machine gun), is usually carried out within the range of a direct shot in short bursts. The sight is set according to this range and may not change during shooting.

The aiming point in height is selected at the level of the lower edge of the target, and in the lateral direction - depending on the speed and direction of movement of the vehicle and on the nature of the target (appearing or moving). When firing over the front (rear) side or at an angle of no more than 30° to the direction of movement of the vehicle, the aiming point at emerging targets in calm weather, as a rule, should not be moved beyond the target.

If fire is directed towards the right (left) side when the vehicle is moving at a speed of 10 km/h, the aiming point must be moved 4 thousandths (rounded) in the direction opposite to the movement of the vehicle. When shooting at manpower, you can remember the following rule: move the aiming point to the right (left) when firing from the right (left) side by a number of figures (rounded) equal to the number of hundreds of meters to the target. When the machine moves obliquely, reduce the corrections by half.

Taking the aiming point into account in the crosswind and taking into account the target's movement in the same way as when shooting from a standstill.

When the vehicle is moving over uneven terrain or in the presence of large waves, shooting is carried out in long bursts with the machine gun (machine gun) aimed at the barrel without using a sight.

To better adjust fire, use cartridges with tracer bullets.

Military pages

The organization of determining installations for shooting is carried out by the design department (KB). It includes:

• clarification of the combat mission of a combined arms unit and fire missions assigned by the combined arms commander and senior artillery commander (chief);
• purpose (clarification) of the main direction of fire;
• selection (clarification) of a method for determining settings for firing according to combat missions;
• clarification of data on units and firing conditions necessary to determine installations;
• determining corrections for deviations of firing conditions from the table ones and constructing a hydraulic control group, and, if necessary, transmitting corrections to the batteries;
• preparation of means for determining shooting settings and monitoring the correctness of their preparation.

When understanding the combat mission of a combined arms unit and the fire missions set by the combined arms commander and senior artillery commander (chief), the division (battery) commander determines the intended target area, the shortest and longest ranges and the extreme firing directions to the right and left.

The method for determining firing installations is prescribed depending on the conditions of the situation, the completeness and accuracy of the measures for preparing for firing and fire control, the availability of data on firing conditions, the capabilities of reconnaissance and firing maintenance equipment.

The main means of determining shooting settings is a computer. The procedure for monitoring the correct preparation of fire control devices and the construction of hydraulic control points is established in advance, for which a point is designated at which topographic data is checked (signal “Control-1”) and calculated settings (signal “Control-2”).

It is considered that fire control devices are prepared correctly if the discrepancy in topographic (calculated) ranges does not exceed 50 m, and the discrepancy in topographic (calculated) additional turns is 0-05.

Calculated (zeroed) installations for shooting at targets and benchmarks, as well as data from the Firing Tables and coefficients necessary to determine adjustments during zeroing and shooting to kill, are recorded in the tables of calculated installations for division and battery shooting. When determining firing settings, gun commanders enter individual adjustments for their guns into the resulting calculated settings:

• to the level (sight) - for discrepancies, for the difference in temperature of charges (for self-propelled artillery), for the ledge and height of the guns relative to the main one (OP point), for the discrepancy between the elevation angle of the barrel along the sight and the quadrant, and for the deviation of the mass of shells:
• in the protractor - for the deviation of the aiming line and for the interval (with a platoon or dispersed arrangement of guns at the OP); in the installation of the fuse (tube) - on the discord and on the ledge of the guns relative to the main one (OP point).

The installations of sighting devices and fuse (tube) on which fire is fired are called firing installations.

When determining settings for shooting using the full (reduced) preparation method, the type of trajectory, projectile and charge for which corrections must be calculated are selected.

One of the selected charges must provide the ability to fire at the greatest range at the intended target area. Another charge is chosen with the expectation of obtaining the most favorable trajectory steepness.

Corrections are calculated for reference ranges for the main firing direction and directions different from the main one to 8-00. If the intended target area is limited along the front, 1...2 directions can be assigned.

Reference ranges are assigned at intervals of up to 4 km for guns and up to 2 km for mortars and guns during mortar fire.

The organization of battery fire control includes:

• organization of work at the battery control point and control center;
• organization of communications;
• organizing interaction with combined arms units and with artillery reconnaissance units assigned to serve shooting;
• monitoring readiness to perform assigned tasks.

Fire control of artillery units is understood as the purposeful activity of commanders and staffs to guide units in preparing and performing fire missions.

Fire control must ensure the timely and effective completion of fire missions. It must be operational, resilient and secretive.

Performing fire missions includes:

• receiving fire missions, selecting targets to hit;
• clarification of fire missions and conditions for their implementation;
• making decisions to carry out fire missions;
• setting fire missions and monitoring their implementation.

Fire missions are set by commands and orders transmitted via communications personally by the commander or through subordinates, and planned fire missions are also assigned in writing.

Commands are given in compliance with established rules, and orders are given in any form.

It is allowed to change the order of commands if this does not delay the execution of the fire mission. Fire preparation orders usually indicate:

• the unit involved in the fire mission;
• shooting task;
• nature and location of the target (benchmark);
• deadlines for completing the fire mission.

If necessary, the order may contain other information (for example, shell consumption, readiness time, etc.). Examples: 1. “Cherry” (call sign of the firing position). Write down: NZO "Acacia". Right x = 43,050, y = 38,400, left x = 43,100, y = 38,700. Height 140". 2. “Cherry” (call sign of the firing position). Attention. Target 121. moving column. x = 43,080, y = 38,200. Height 130. Point.”

Assignment of fire missions by the battery commander to the team. When performing fire missions as part of a division, battery commanders transmit the command received from the division commander (in terms of their batteries) to firing positions. In this case, the consumption of shells indicated in the command of the division commander is recalculated (if necessary) and commanded to the OP.

Subsequently, battery commanders control the preparation of battery fire, find (clarify) the target on the ground, establish surveillance over it and, if necessary, introduce corrections during shooting to kill.

For example: “Neva” is the division’s circular call sign; “Oka” is the call sign of the command post of the 1st battery; “Kama” is the call sign of the command post of the 2nd battery; “Volga” is the call sign of the KNP of the 3rd battery; “Cherry” is the call sign of the 1st battery.

The division commander gave the command: “Neva.” Stop. Fire raid. Target 53rd, infantry. A projectile with a radio fuse, tall. “Oka”, “Kama”: x=18720, ¬ y=425()0, height 65. Overlay. 300 to 200. There are two settings. Consumption 216 per battery. “Volga”: .x=18450, y=42500, height 70. 200 by 200. There are two settings. Consumption 108 per battery. "Neva". Charge."

The commander of the 1st battery gave the command to the OP: “Cherry.” Stop. Fire raid. Target 53rd, infantry. A projectile with a radio fuse, tall. .x=18720, y=42500, height 65. Overlay. 300 to 200. There are two settings. 6 shells per runaway. Charge."

The battery commander, when performing a fire mission with the battery independently without sighting the target in the team, indicates:

• call sign of the firing position;
• preliminary command “Stop” or “Attention”;
• number and nature of the target;
• coordinates and altitude (elevation angle) of the target;
• front and depth of the target in meters, number of protractor settings (if there are two);
• type of projectile, type of fuse and its installation (if necessary);
• type of shooting (if necessary);
• the consumption of shells per gun-mount and the order of firing or the consumption of shells per gun in series of rapid fire (methodical fire);
• executive team: "Cherry". Stop. Target 25, mortar platoon. Battery: 48-25, 2200, minus 0-12 150 by 150. 3 rounds each. Fire".

To call for planned (prepared) fire, the battery commander commands: “Kama.” Stop. "Snow". Target 125. Charge."

Monitoring the execution of fire missions includes:

• control of readiness to perform fire missions:
• control of shooting to kill.

Monitoring readiness to perform fire missions includes:

• testing subordinates’ knowledge of fire missions and the order of their implementation;
• checking the correctness of determining the settings for shooting to kill and assigning a method;) of shelling targets.

Fire control to kill includes:

• control of the timeliness of opening (transferring, stopping) fire and finishing firing at the target;
• adjusting fire during shooting to kill:
• control of the consumption of the assigned number of shells;
• determining the results of shooting to kill.

Section: Combat training
RSS

Date: February 14th, 2012

Helicopter shooting

191. When firing from a helicopter, it is necessary to take into account the direction, speed and altitude of the helicopter’s flight, the direction and speed of the wind and the movement of the target.

192. When firing from a helicopter flying at an altitude of up to 50-70 m at a ground target, when the target elevation angle does not exceed 30°, the sight is selected according to the slant range to the target.

When shooting at a higher altitude, the sight setting must be reduced (correction for the target elevation angle):

- at a flight altitude of up to 200 m and an inclined range of up to 300 m - by half a division;

- at a flight altitude of up to 200 m and an inclined range exceeding 300 m - by one division; The vertical aiming point is usually chosen at the bottom edge of the target.

Considering the very limited time for firing from helicopters in possible sectors of fire, fire can be conducted at ranges of up to 500 m and altitudes of up to 200 m with a constant sight setting.

193. The aiming point in the lateral direction is selected taking into account the distance of the bullet under the influence of the helicopter’s flight speed and the deflection of the bullet under the influence of the lateral (in relation to the direction of flight of the helicopter - headwind or tailwind) wind, as well as the direction and speed of the target.

The linear magnitude of the bullet's drift under the influence of the helicopter's speed in meters is equal to the product of the helicopter's speed in m/sec and the bullet's flight time in seconds.

The linear amount of bullet deflection under the influence of a side wind and the amount of lead on target movement when shooting from a helicopter are determined by the same rules as when shooting on foot. Correction for side wind must be taken into account when the wind speed is more than 5 m/sec, and lead when the target speed is more than 10 km/h.

In a rounded manner, the aiming point in the lateral direction when firing from a helicopter at the most effective shooting ranges (200-400 m) should be placed from the middle of the target in the direction opposite to the flight of the helicopter (when firing from the left bart - to the left, and from the right bart - to the right), "and the value in meters:

a) when shooting at a stationary (appearing) target:

— in calm weather — by one tenth of the helicopter’s cruising speed; for example, with a helicopter cruising speed of 200 km/h, the aiming point must be moved to 20 m (200:10);

- with a headwind (tailwind) - by one tenth of the ground speed; for example, with a helicopter cruising speed of 200 km/h and a headwind of 30 km/h, the aiming point must be placed at 17 m (200-30):10 the direction and speed of the wind are determined by local objects (by the movement of smoke, dust, the slope of trees, etc.) .d.);

b) when shooting at moving targets:

— to the amount of offset of the aiming point determined for shooting at a stationary target, the lead is added when the target moves in the opposite direction and is subtracted when it moves in the same direction; for example, to fire from a helicopter at a speed of 200 km/h at infantry in a car moving towards the helicopter's flight at a distance of 300 m, at a speed of 50 km/h and with a tailwind of 30 km/h, the aiming point must be placed at 28 m (200 +30):10+5m, where 5m is the lead for the target movement, taken from the lead table.

194. Fire from a helicopter, as a rule, is carried out in long bursts (10-15 shots) and at a high tempo. To monitor the results of shooting and adjust fire, it is necessary to make wider use of cartridges with tracer bullets. Shooting can be carried out by tracking the target or by fire attack (waiting for the target).

When firing in a manner similar to target tracking, it is necessary to continuously move the weapon in the direction opposite to the helicopter’s flight (backward), by the amount of lateral correction, and at the moment of the most correct aiming, fire a long burst; clarify the amount of offset of the aiming point and fire the next burst and, during the shooting process (if necessary), bring the burst routes to the target.

When firing in a manner similar to a fire attack, it is necessary to select a point at a distance from the middle of the target by one and a half to two lateral n-mandrels and, when aligning the aiming line with this point, firmly holding the weapon, fire a long burst while firing (if necessary ) bring the tracks to the goal.

Determination of calculated shooting settings.

The sequence of work when determining settings for shooting using the full preparation method using a schedule of calculated corrections. When determining settings using the method of complete preparation, using a computer or using graphs of calculated corrections, the entire volume of work and calculations is performed in two stages.

The first stage is before receiving a fire mission. It includes determining deviations of shooting conditions from the table ones, calculating corrections for deviations of shooting conditions from the table ones, and plotting graphs of the calculated corrections.

Corrections for deviations of firing conditions from the table ones in the presence of a computer are calculated for a handy battery using a computer and transferred to the OP of all batteries, and in the absence of a computer, they are calculated for the PUOD and at the battery OP using shooting tables, meteorological ballistic computers (adders) or correction tables.

Graphs of calculated corrections are constructed in all cases; on the OP of batteries - for the main guns, on the PUOD - for a spare battery (if there is a computer on the PUOD, the schedule of calculated corrections is a backup tool).

The procedure for preparing and calculating corrections using a computer is set out in special manuals, so here we will consider the procedure for using a graph of calculated corrections.

All calculations at the first stage are made on a special form, a sample of which is given in Appendix 4 of the Shooting Rules. Work begins with the completion of organizing the determination of installations and obtaining data on the results of topographic and geodetic alignment of firing positions, ballistic and meteorological preparation. The initial data is recorded on the form and calculations are made as the data becomes available.

As a result of organizing the determination of settings, instructions will be received on the type and index of projectiles, batches and numbers of charges, reference ranges and directions (directional angles) for which corrections should be calculated. This data is recorded on a form and is decisive for all subsequent calculations. Once this data has been obtained, it is possible to write down table corrections and entry altitudes into the weather bulletin from the firing tables for each reference range.

From the topographic and geodetic preparation data, at the first stage, the heights of the firing positions and the geographic latitude of the middle of the division's operating area are used. According to geographic latitude, for each firing range and direction, ready-made corrections for the rotation of the Earth are written out from the firing tables.

By the beginning of the first stage, ballistic preparation must be completed in full. All ballistic training data is recorded on a form. Once data on the temperature of the charges is obtained, its deviation from the table is calculated, and corrections are calculated for the deviation of the ballistic firing conditions from the table.

Upon receipt of a meteorological bulletin, write it down on a form and, using the entry altitudes found for each range in the bulletin, write down the corresponding group of meteorological data. If necessary, they are interpolated between the data of two adjacent heights with an accuracy of: - up to 1ºС; aw - until 1-00; W - up to 1 m/s. Next, corrections are calculated for deviations of meteorological shooting conditions from the table ones, total corrections for range and direction.

After calculating the corrections, the topographic ranges are determined to plot the calculated corrections:

where D0Pi are the reference ranges for which the corrections were calculated;

ΔD i

— — total range corrections.

The first stage ends with the construction of a graph of calculated corrections.

The second stage begins with the receipt of a command to carry out a fire mission. The initial data for the calculations are data about the target (its coordinates and height), the type and index of the projectile, the type and installation of the impact fuse.

The second stage includes:

— determination of topographic data on the target;

- determination of corrections for ranges, directions, and when firing projectiles with a remote tube - also in the installation of a remote tube using a graph of calculated corrections;

— determination, if necessary, of additional corrections for the deviation of ballistic firing conditions from the table ones that were not taken into account when calculating the total corrections;

— calculation of calculated data and calculated installations;

— calculation of shooting installations.

Calculations at the second stage are divided into two parts. The first part, including the first four points, is performed at the PUOD and by computers at the OP. The result will be:

— calculated sight setting /7“;

— calculated setting of level Ur”;

— calculated turn from the main direction to the target

This data is transmitted to gun commanders. Gun commanders introduce individual adjustments and receive firing settings to guide the guns.

Let us consider the procedure for calculating the calculated installations at the second stage using an example.

Example. The commander of the 2nd battery of the 152-mm SG 2S3M received the task of determining the installations for firing shells with an impact fuse at target No. 28. Target coordinates: xts = 21480, yts = 12540, hts = 170 m. Coordinates of the firing position: hop = 19730, vop =18280, hop=110 m. Directional angle of the main firing direction αon = 48-00. The graph of calculated corrections was built for firing high-explosive fragmentation projectiles and projectiles with a spacer tube, the charge is full.

Solution. 1. Determine topographic data (on a fire control device or analytically):

= 6000 m, = 47-83 ( = -0-17).

2. Determine the target elevation angle:

E

c = = +0-10.

3. Based on the topographic range and directional angle of the target, we enter the graph of the calculated corrections and determine the range correction = +570 m, direction correction = -0-09/

We determine the calculated distance to the target:

= 6000 + 570 = 6570 m.

4. Based on the calculated range (6570 m) and charge (full) we find in the Firing Tables:

— sight installation = 110 thousand.

5. In the Tables for firing high-explosive fragmentation shells OF-540 from the table of corrections for the aiming angle to the target elevation angle (for a full charge) at =110 thousand and ec=+0-10 we find the correction for the aiming angle to the target elevation angle =0 thousand.

7. Determine the calculated level setting:

= 30-00 + ec + = 30-10.

8, Determine the calculated additional turn:

=-0-17+(-0-09)= -0-26,

Calculated settings for firing the 2nd battery at target No. 28 with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile: full charge, thousandths scale, sight 110, level 30-10, main direction to the left 0-26.

3.4. Determination of calculated data and calculated settings for shooting using the full preparation method

Ammo supply and consumption in battle

195. Submachine gunners (machine gunners) carry a supply of ammunition in magazines and clips placed in bags.

The provision of ammunition to submachine gunners (machine gunners) in battle is carried out by cartridge carriers assigned by the unit commander.

When half of the carryable reserve has been used up, the machine gunner (machine gunner) reports this to the squad commander.

One magazine for a machine gun and three magazines for a machine gun, loaded with cartridges, must always be with the machine gunner (machine gunner) as an emergency reserve, which is consumed only with the permission of the commander.