Design features of bladed weapons

Firearms

- products structurally intended for mechanical destruction of a living or other target at a distance with a projectile receiving directed movement due to the combustion energy of the propellant charge,

According to the Federal Law “On Weapons”, a firearm is a weapon designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with thrown equipment that receives directional movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge; firearms of limited destruction - short-barreled weapons and barrelless weapons intended for mechanical destruction of a living target at a distance by throwing equipment of a traumatic cartridge, receiving directed movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge, and not intended to cause death to a person[1].

A firearm is a weapon in which a projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot) receives forward motion due to the action of powder gases formed during the combustion of an explosive. On this basis, firearms differ from other types of weapons (pneumatic, throwing). Flare guns, mortar guns, and gas pistols can only be classified as firearms if they are specifically designed to inflict serious bodily harm.

Formally, multiple launch rocket systems are also classified as firearms. Although in fact MLRS are a type of missile weapon.

Signs of a firearm

Affiliation with a firearm is established on the basis of the results of a study of the design features of the material part of the object, which determine its intended purpose, as well as energy characteristics, ensuring the possibility of using the object for its intended purpose and is determined by the presence of three main groups of features:

• design features,
• energy characteristics of the projectile,
• reliability.

Design features

The design features of the material part of an object characterize its intended purpose and, in relation to firearms, require, at a minimum, the presence of the following basic design elements:

• a device for accelerating a projectile and giving it directional movement (barrel);
• barrel bore locking device;
• device for igniting a propellant charge.

In addition to the main ones, there are optional (additional) design features that indicate the purpose of the object and facilitate its use for its intended purpose:

• devices for holding and control;
• aiming devices.

The absence of optional features in the design of an object is not decisive when deciding whether to classify it as a firearm.

Energy characteristics of the projectile

The energy characteristics of a projectile are often referred to as the lethal force of a bullet. The energy characteristics of a projectile determine its ability to cause life-threatening or fatal injuries to a person or animal.

Industrially produced firearms, due to their intended purpose, ensure guaranteed destruction of the target and therefore, to decide whether they belong to such weapons, a study of ballistic properties and determination of lethality is not required.

When studying the destructive effect of a homemade firearm, the specific kinetic energy of a projectile is determined. As a criterion characterizing the minimum threshold of susceptibility, in forensic ballistics and forensic medicine a specific kinetic energy value of at least 0.5 J/mm2 (0.05 kgm/mm) at a distance of 1 m from the muzzle of the barrel is accepted.

Note: in practice, questions about the serviceability and suitability of the object for shooting (firing shots) are always resolved at the same time. In the framework of solving this problem, the fact of possible malfunction and unsuitability for shooting (firing shots) of industrial firearms does not matter; the intended purpose of the object will not change depending on its condition.

Reliability

This criterion characterizes the possibility of repeated (more than one) firing of shots from the object under study without its destruction and is safe for the shooter.

The subject of forensic research, as a rule, is samples of small arms.

FORENSIC WEAPONS SCIENCE

FORENSIC WEAPONS SCIENCE

(forensic examination of weapons and traces of their use)

Handout

Moscow - 2012

GENERAL PROVISIONS OF FORENSIC WEAPONS SCIENCE

Firearms ( forensic concept

) is a device structurally designed to repeatedly hit a person or animal (sometimes an obstacle) at a distance with a projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot), which receives targeted directional movement due to the energy of thermal decomposition of the gas-forming substance.

In forensic science, only small arms are studied, i.e. guns with a caliber of less than 17.5 mm.

Criteria for classifying an object as a firearm:

1. Intended purpose - damage to a person, animal or obstacle, fixed in the design of the object.

2. Constructive type of action - firearms

, i.e. using the energy of thermal decomposition of the gas-forming substance.

Design features of a firearm:

a) a barrel with a combustion chamber of a powder charge;

b) locking device;

c) firing device.

A barrel is a part of a small weapon, which is a tube in which the thrown element is given movement in a given direction and at a certain speed (GOST USSR 28653-90, term 222).

The caliber of small arms is a value that characterizes the internal diameter of the guide part of the weapon barrel (GOST USSR 28653-90, 318).

The caliber of a rifled firearm is equal to the nominal diameter of the bore, measured along the margins of the bore (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Profile of the rifled bore.

a - caliber of the weapon, b - diameter of the bore along the rifling, c - depth of the rifling, d - width of the rifling, e - width of the rifling field.

Scheme 4

Non-automatic small arms are small arms in which all reloading operations are performed using the muscular energy of the shooter.

Automatic small arms are small arms with fully automated reloading.

Self-loading small arms are automatic small arms whose trigger mechanism allows only single firing.

Individual small arms are small arms operated by one shooter when firing.

Group small arms - small arms served when firing by a group of shooters - crew or crew.

Small-caliber small arms - rifled small arms with a caliber up to 6.5 mm inclusive.

Normal caliber small arms are rifled small arms with a caliber over 6.5 mm up to 9 mm inclusive.

Large-caliber small arms - rifled small arms with a caliber over 9 mm up to 20 mm inclusive.

Multi-barreled small arms are small arms with more than two barrels.

Rifled small arms are small arms that have a barrel or barrels with only rifled channels.

Smooth-bore small arms are small arms that have a barrel or barrels with only smooth bores.

Combined small arms are small arms that have barrels with both rifled and smooth bores.

Single-shot small arms are single-barreled small arms without a feed mechanism and with one chamber.

Repeating firearms are firearms with a feed mechanism or more than one chamber.

A pistol is a small weapon designed to be held and controlled when firing with one hand.

A revolver is a pistol with a rotating block of chambers or barrels.

A rifle is a rifled small weapon, structurally designed to be held and controlled when shooting with two hands with the butt resting on the shoulder.

A shotgun is a smooth-bore or combined small arms, structurally designed to be held and controlled when shooting with two hands with the butt resting on the shoulder.

A sniper rifle is a combat rifle whose design provides increased shooting accuracy.

A carbine is a lightweight rifle with a short barrel.

Automatic - automatic carbine.

A submachine gun is an assault rifle designed to fire pistol cartridges.

An easel machine gun is a machine gun, the design of which provides for its installation on a machine for firing.

A single machine gun is a machine gun, the design of which provides for its use as both a hand-held and an easel.

A tank machine gun is a machine gun, the design of which takes into account the requirements for installation and combat use on tanks.

An aircraft machine gun is a machine gun, the design of which takes into account the requirements for installation and combat use on aircraft.

Small arms with horizontal barrels are double-barreled small arms with barrels whose axes are located in the same horizontal plane.

Small arms with vertical barrels are double-barreled small arms with barrels whose axes are located in the same vertical plane.

Bullet small arms are small arms designed to fire a bullet.

Shotguns are small arms designed to fire shotgun or buckshot.

Bullet-shot small arms are double-barreled or multi-barreled small arms that have a barrel or barrels intended for firing a bullet, and a barrel or barrels for firing shot or buckshot.

LOCKING DEVICES (MECHANISMS) - used to lock and unlock the shutter, i.e. parts of small arms that close the barrel bore when fired (GOST 28653-90, 61-61).

The weapon parts covering the breech end of the barrel include:

- in muzzle loading

historical weapons and modern homemade muzzle-loading pistols (“self-propelled guns”, “arsonists”) have a plug;

- most modern weapons

with a longitudinal sliding bolt - the front section of the bolt (“shutter cup”);

- for revolvers

— “breech” or rear wall of the frame;

- for hunting rifles

with breaking barrels - a block shield or a brand tube screwed into it.

Locking reliability is ensured by certain mechanisms.

In a muzzle-loading weapon, the plug is rigidly connected to the channel of the charge combustion chamber by pouring (with molten lead), screwing in, tight fitting, cottering, etc.

FIRING MECHANISMS OF SMALL ARMS are mechanisms that ensure the activation of the igniter primer. (GOST 28653-90, 70).

GOST 28653-90 specifies the following firing mechanisms :

— Electric ignition firing mechanism — provides activation of the electric capsule (71).

— Impact mechanism - ensures activation of the impact igniter capsule (72).

The impact mechanism, in turn, is divided into two types.

— Trigger mechanism

, in which some of the parts, including the trigger with the mainspring, are located outside the bolt or bolt frame and do not accompany the bolt and bolt frame in their movement. (74).

— Striker mechanism

, in which parts that transmit impact energy are placed in the bolt or on the bolt frame and accompany the bolt and bolt frame in their movement (73).

The results of research conducted in forensic ballistics significantly complement and in some way clarify the specified classification.

So, when chambering a cartridge, as well as during the second and subsequent shots from a self-loading weapon (for example, domestic pistols of the 1930/33 model - TT and Makarov), the hammer is pulled back by the bolt (casing-bolt), and in automatic weapons - by the bolt or bolt frame (AK assault rifle). Therefore, in forensic ballistics, a hammer mechanism is considered to be a hammer mechanism, the trigger of which has a striker.

In addition, it is necessary to keep in mind the following firing impact mechanisms:

— Hammer-drummer

, that is, having two interacting but not connected parts - the trigger and the firing pin.

— Bolt striker

a firing mechanism in which there is no trigger, and the firing pin does not move in a special channel in the bolt, but is fixed rigidly or movably on the front end of the bolt, which simultaneously locks the chamber and pierces the capsule with the firing pin (for example, the Shpagin submachine gun (PPSh) and Sudaev ( PPS), as well as some homemade pistols).

FORENSIC RESEARCH OF FIREARMS

Rice. 2 . Revolver model 1895 (“Nagan”) 7.62 mm caliber:

1— trunk; 2 - frame; 3 - drum; 4 — trigger guard; 5 - trigger; 6 — trigger; 7 — side cover; 8 - wooden cheek; 9 — ramrod head; 10 — ramrod tube; 11 — trunk stump; 12 - drum axis; 13 - front sight; 14 - ring.

Fig.3. Model 1933 pistol (TT) 7.62 mm caliber:

1 - trunk; 2 — shutter casing; 3 - frame; 4 - trigger; 5 — trigger;

6 - shutter stop; 7 — tip of the return spring; 8 - cutout; 9 - ear; 10 — magazine cover; 11 — bolt stop tooth axis; 12 - left cheek;

13 — grooves; 14 - front sight; 15 - rear sight.

Fig.4. AK-47 assault rifle, 7.62 mm caliber:

1 - trunk; 2 — receiver; 3 — receiver cover; 4 - butt;

5 — pistol grip; 6 - store; 7 — fore-end; 8 - gas tube; 9 - gas chamber; 10 — sight block; 11 — receiver cover window;

12 — reloading handle; 13 — trigger guard; 14 — trigger;

15 - translator; 16—protrusion of the guide rod; 17 — base of the front sight;

18 — compensator; 19 — swivel; 20 — ramrod; 21 - bayonet.

Rice. 5. Makarov pistol caliber 9 mm.

1 - trunk; 2 - shutter; 3 - frame; 4 — trigger head; 5 — trigger;

6 — trigger guard; 7 — handle; 8 — shutter stop; 9 — fuse box; 10 - front sight; 11 — rear sight; 12 — magazine cover; 13 - notch;

14 - swivel.

Rice. 6. Hunting shotgun:

1 — barrel, 2 — sighting bar, 3 — front sight, 4 — locking mechanism lever,

5 — safety button, 6 — fore-end, 7 — butt, 8 — back of the butt, 9 — neck of the butt, 10 — triggers, 11 — receiver, 12-13 — swivels.

Rice. 7. Double-barreled trigger hunting rifle TOZ-54:

1 - trunk; 2 — fore-end; 3 — shank of the sighting bar; 4 — chamber;

5 - extractor; 6 — triggers; 7 — key board; 8 — shutter lever;

9 — triggers; 10 — trigger guard; 11 — block;

12 — underbarrel hooks.

1) The location of the weapon detection with reference to two fixed landmarks and determination of the location of the axis of the barrel bore relative to the cardinal points.

2) Type of weapon (pistol, revolver, submachine gun, shotgun, rifle, carbine, machine gun, sawn-off shotgun).

3) Model, sample, caliber of the weapon (if they are obvious to all participants in the inspection).

4) The position of the trigger mechanism (combat or safety cocking, pulled trigger position) and the safety mechanism (position of the button or flag).

5) The presence (or absence) of cartridges in the magazine (drum) and in the chamber.

6) The presence (or absence) of the smell of gunpowder in the bore.

7) Markings and weapon number.

The presence and number (if any) of rifling in the barrel bore.

9) The presence of layers (traces of shots) on the walls of the barrel bore.

10) The nature and condition of metallic and non-metallic parts.

11) Visible damage and foreign deposits on parts of the weapon (resembling blood, hair, brain matter, etc.).

A pistol was found on the floor at a distance of 1 m 10 cm from the wall with a window and 1 m 10 cm from the right wall. A visual inspection revealed that the pistol was cocked (the trigger was pulled back). The fuse box is in the lower off position.

After removing the pistol from the floor, the trigger was moved to the safety cocking position by raising the safety flag. A box magazine with no cartridges was removed from the pistol handle (the feeder is in the upper position). An inspection with the bolt pulled back did not reveal a cartridge in the chamber. There is a smell of burnt gunpowder coming from the barrel.

On the left plane of the shutter there are the following markings - NAZ No. 3488. On the left plane of the frame in a vertical position there is the number 3488, as well as a designation in the form of an arrow enclosed in a circle.

Examination of the barrel bore through the light revealed the presence of four right-angled rifling fields. The walls of the bore are matte and smooth.

The metal parts of the pistol have a shiny black coating, the plastic part of the handle is dark brown. On the left plane of the shutter, 1 cm from No. 34 88, a dark brown substance of an oval shape measuring 1.5x1 cm was also visually detected. The edges of the spot are smooth.

All operations with the pistol and magazine were carried out with hands wearing rubber gloves.

The pistol is packed in a cardboard box 20x10cm. The box has the inscriptions - “Box No. 1. Pistol NAZ No. 3488 seized from the scene of the incident on 08/17/11. at the address: Moscow, Shchelkovskoe highway, 84 apt. 45”, as well as the signatures of witnesses and the investigator. The magazine is packed in a cardboard box 10x5cm. The box has the inscriptions - “Box No. 4. magazine for NAZ pistol No. 3488 seized from the scene of the incident on 08/17/11. at the address: Moscow, Shchelkovskoe highway, 84 apt. 45”, as well as the signatures of witnesses and the investigator. The box is tied with white twine, the ends of which are sealed with a piece of white paper 6x6 cm with a seal imprint made in blue dye: “For packages No. 48 SO at the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Higher Administrative District of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow.”

1. The packaging of the object must be strong, i.e. exclude the possibility of its damage during transportation, as well as ensure its integrity;

2. The packaging of the object must be (if necessary) airtight;

3. On the outside of the package or on a tag tied to the twine with which the object is tied, there must be explanatory notes regarding the object inside (for example, “Box No. 3. NAZ pistol No. 3488 seized from the scene of the incident dated 08/17/01 at : Moscow, Baikalskaya St., 8, apt. 15"), as well as have the necessary signatures of the participants in the inspection of the scene of the incident (investigator and witnesses);

4. Packed objects should not pose a threat to life and health during transportation and subsequent storage (for example, weapons should be unloaded during the inspection of the crime scene, cartridges should be strengthened, etc.);

5. Objects inside the package must be properly secured to prevent movement and damage during transportation (for example, firearms secured with twine, ammunition packed in cotton wool, etc.);

6. The object seized during the inspection of the crime scene must be stored (transported) in a dry place without sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity levels;

7. When packaging an object, it is strictly prohibited to expose it to influence - bend and fold (for paper wads and gaskets), wipe, cut, break, write on it, etc.;

The storage location is selected based on the nature of the seized object - weapons, ammunition - in the weapons room

1. Is the object submitted for examination a firearm?

2. Which group of firing devices does the presented object belong to (air gun, rocket launcher, construction pistol, etc.)?

3. What make and model is the firearm and how is it manufactured?

4. Is the weapon in good working order? If not, what is the problem?

5. Is the weapon suitable for shooting or firing individual shots?

6. Is it difficult to get the weapon into a condition suitable for firing (firing shots)?

7. Is it possible to fire from this weapon without pressing the trigger under certain circumstances (when falling on the sand from a height of about 1.5 meters)?

8. Is it possible to fire from this weapon in a certain position of its parts?

9. Is it possible to fire the presented weapon under certain conditions?

10. Is it possible for the victim to fire a shot from this weapon under certain circumstances?

11. Is it possible to fire from this weapon with cartridges of a certain type, caliber (submitted for research)?

12. Is it possible to cause damage as a result of firing certain ammunition from a given weapon at a specific obstacle at a given distance?

13. Has this weapon been fired since the last cleaning (to be decided jointly with a chemical expert)?

14. What barrel was the last shot fired from?

15. Why does this weapon misfire?

16. What is the cause of rupture (swelling) of a weapon barrel?

17. What is the mechanism of failure of a certain component of a weapon (for example, a stock)?

Do the mechanisms (parts) presented for research belong to the same model of weapon?

A small arms cartridge case is a part of a small arms cartridge, designed to accommodate and protect the propellant charge from external influences, attach the igniter primer and the propellant element, to be located in the chamber of a small arms and seal off the powder gases when fired (GOST 28653-90, 475) .

Rice. 8. Design of cartridge cases for rifled firearms.

A - cylindrical sleeve with a non-protruding flange; B — bottle sleeve with a protruding flange; B - conical sleeve with a protruding flange.

Case parts

: 1 — liner body, 2 — liner cut, 2a — liner neck, 3 — slope, 4 — flute, 5 — annular groove, 6 — flange, 7 — bottom part (bottom) of the liner.

TRACES ON THE CASE

Note: in some cases, if there are significant features (defects) of the trace-forming parts of a firearm, the judgment about the system of the weapon in which the cartridge was shot is supplemented with information about these features, which further narrows the circle of weapons and helps in their search.

“... DECIDED:

1. To appoint a forensic ballistic examination in this case, the production of which will be entrusted to the Expert Forensic Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the city of Moscow

2. For permission from the examination, raise the following questions:

1) What type of cartridges belong to which parts are the cartridges found in Mr. M.’s room and the cartridge case found at the front door of Mr. M’s house?

2) In what type of weapon were the two cartridges found at the scene of the incident near the house of Mr. M fired?

3) Were both cartridges found at the scene of the incident near the house of Mr. M fired from the same firearm?

4) Were the two shell casings found at the scene of the incident near Mr. M.’s house fired in the model pistol? 1930/33 No. SD 4507, seized from Mr. Z., or in a pistol mod. 1930/33 No. OYA 3349, seized from Mr. N?

3. The expert has the opportunity to provide:

- a metal casing found to the left of the window of Mr. M.’s house and packed in a matchbox with the appropriate inscription;

- a metal casing found at the front door of Mr. M.’s house, and packed in a matchbox with the appropriate inscription;

- pistol arr. 1930/33 caliber 7.62 mm No. SD 4507, seized from Mr. Z.

- pistol arr. 1930/33 caliber 7.62 mm No. OYA 3349, seized from Mr. N.

Boxes with cartridges and envelopes with pistols are tied with twine, the ends of which are sealed with pieces of white paper 6x6 cm with seal impressions made in blue dye: “For packages No. 48 SO at the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Higher Administrative District of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow.”

4. Instruct the head - the Head of the Forensic Expert Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the city of Moscow to explain to the employees who will conduct the examination the rights and responsibilities of the expert provided for in Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, warn them of liability under Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Investigator of the Investigative Department of Internal Affairs of the South-Western Administrative District of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moscow

LOADING

Classification of firearms

There are civilian, service and military weapons. Civilian weapons include self-defense weapons, sports, hunting, signal, and industrial firearms.

Military weapons

is a hand-held small arms weapon designed to solve combat and operational tasks (see Federal Law of November 13, 1996 “On Weapons”).

Small firearms are classified according to:

a) degree of automation - non-automatic, self-charging, automatic;

b) the number of cartridges held - single-shot and multi-shot;

c) loading method - breech-loading and muzzle-loading;

d) number of barrels - single-barrel, double-barrel, multi-barrel;

e) barrel caliber - small-caliber (up to 6.5 mm), medium-caliber (up to 9 mm), large-caliber (over 9 mm);

f) barrel design - smooth-bore, rifled, smooth-rifled;

g) the nature of the shooting - single, serial, continuous fire.

According to the manufacturing conditions, weapons can be standard (factory) and non-standard (handicraft and homemade). A handicraft is considered to be a weapon made in handicraft workshops without complying with standards and, as a rule, in small batches. Homemade weapons (now used less and less) are usually made from scrap materials, sometimes with partial use of parts of standard weapons and factory equipment.

Separate groups include converted and atypical weapons disguised as any household items (firing cigarette cases, fountain pens, umbrellas, etc.). Compared to standard weapons, non-standard weapons of a similar type have deviations in design, differ in bolt design, and barrel length. Converted weapons are sawn-off shotguns and rifles; gas, signal and construction pistols, adapted to fire directed shots at living targets.

Types of firearms:

• rifles,
• carbines,
• machine guns,
• pistols,
• revolvers,
• guns.

Gasanguseinov Gadzhimurad

13.Design features of throwing weapons:

Among the varieties of throwing weapons in which a projectile is used to hit a target, the following are distinguished: bow, crossbow, speargun, sling.

A bow is a mechanical throwing device consisting of arches (arcs) and a bowstring, which does not have mechanisms for fixing elastic elements in a tense state.

The main parts of a bow's structure are the bow and string. The elastic elements of the arc are called shoulders. The shoulders are tightened with a bowstring, which serves to bend them and influence the arrow when straightening the shoulders. The middle part of the arc is called the base, and its part, by which the bow is held, is called the handle. On the base of the arc the following can be placed: a bow shelf - a horizontal support for the arrow; sighting window - a cutout in the base used for aiming; clicker - a flat spring fixed in the sighting window and used to determine the moment of maximum tension of the bowstring; stabilizers - elements for balancing the bow and damping longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the base at the moment of the shot. Archery is carried out with arrows consisting of a tip, shaft and fletching. Depending on the intended purpose of the arrows, their tips can have an ogival shape (sports), a conical shape with sharp and wide edges (hunting), etc. In bows for recreation and entertainment, the use of arrows with tips whose cone angle is less than 600 is not allowed. In the tail part the shaft has a shank (a hole or device for insertion into the bowstring). The fletching stabilizes the arrow in flight, makes it more stable, and increases the accuracy and range of the shot. The plumage on the shaft is located in a straight line or in a spiral.

A crossbow is a mechanical throwing device that has a body with arches (arc) attached to it with a bowstring and mechanisms for fixing them in a tense state.

The design of a crossbow consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: a body, arches (arcs) with a bowstring, locking and trigger mechanisms, a butt or pistol-type handle, a mechanism for pulling the bowstring or stirrup (foot rest) when manually pulling the bowstring, sighting device

The body is designed for mounting crossbow parts and mechanisms on it. In its upper part there is a guide groove for the arrow and a groove for its feathering (stabilizer).

The stock of a crossbow is part of the body and is designed to hold it while aiming and throwing.

Crossbow arches are made of steel or composite materials and are fixed to the stock using a special device. A bowstring made of natural, synthetic or composite materials is attached to the ends of the arc.

The buttstock may have an additional pistol grip for ease of crossbow control.

Crossbow sights consist of a front sight and a rear sight. In addition to them, there may also be diopter, frame, and optical sights.

For cocking the bowstring, modern crossbows provide various devices - a stirrup, a lever cocking. Crossbows with a significant bowstring tension force use more complex cocking mechanisms - block-pulley and rack-and-pinion. Cocking mechanisms can be removable or non-removable.

To fix and release the bowstring in crossbows, the following are used: a transverse groove in the upper part of the stock, and a roller lever mechanism.

Some modern crossbows have blocks at the ends of the arcs that make it easier to hold the bowstring

Crossbows are fired with arrows or bolts.

Crossbow arrows are made from wooden rods, steel, duralumin, copper, and composite tubes into which tips are inserted. On the reverse side there is a slot for a bowstring. The tips can be cone-shaped, in the form of a tetrahedron with curved edges, etc. The arrows are equipped with a tail unit (stabilizers).

The bolts are made in the form of a short boom, consisting of a stabilizer without a tail and a tip.

A sling is a belt made of leather, wool or plant fibers that has an extension in the middle and a loop at one end. Initially, oval stones were used as a projectile; later, projectiles specially made of lead, bronze or iron were used. The projectiles weighed from 100 to 400 g and had an oval shape in the shape of an acorn. To throw, the loop was put on the hand or index finger, the sling was folded in half, a projectile was placed in the widened part, and the smooth end of the sling was simply held by the hand. After this, the sling rotated several times with a gradual increase in angular velocity. When a sufficient rotation speed was reached, the smooth end of the belt was released, the sling opened and the projectile flew forward at a distance of up to 150 m.

14. Design features and technical characteristics of thrown (cold) weapons (shurikens, boomerangs, darts):

Boomerang

– a thrown (cold) weapon of impact or impact-crushing action. Boomerangs are usually crescent-shaped or angular in shape. Boomerangs are made from hard wood, bone, and modern specimens are made from synthetic materials (plastic) or light metal.

In most samples, the length of the ends of the boomerang is in the ratio 3:4. The ends are bent at an angle of 80 - 120 degrees. The boomerang has a thickening at the bend. Throwing a boomerang is carried out with the hand, gripping one of its ends. Sometimes, for ease of holding when throwing, one end of the boomerang is bent to the side. In flight, the boomerang makes a translational-rotational movement. Relatively fast rotation creates an aerodynamic moment that stabilizes the boomerang's flight along a given trajectory. The maximum flight range of a boomerang is about 160 meters. The shape of the returning boomerang differs from the combat one: it is more curved (up to 50 degrees), has a smaller relative thickness and the proximity of the shoulder-wing profile to the profile of an aircraft wing. It can be used for hunting small game, but its main initial purpose is ritual, and later – sporting and entertainment.

Shuriken

- a thrown (cold) weapon with piercing and piercing-cutting action in the form of a metal plate with pointed combat protrusions, usually in the shape of an “asterisk”.

Bo-shuriken are faceted or cylindrical rods with one or two ends sharpened.

The average length of bo-shuriken ranges from 90 to 150 mm, diameter from 5 to 10 mm, weight from 150 to 300 grams. There are bo-shurikens of smaller weight.

When thrown, the bo-shuriken is pointed at the target along its entire flight path, like an arrow. Bo-shurikens can be made folding

The second type of shuriken is the shakiken, which is most common in the shape of a multi-rayed star.

Depending on the size of the design of these shurikens, they are divided into small (diameter up to 6 cm), medium (up to 8 cm) and large (over 8 cm). The weight of shuriken, as a rule, is from 60 to 500 g. To reduce the weight of the shuriken, through holes can be made in its body.

After being thrown, the shuriken flies in a rotational motion. The flat profile of the shuriken design provides a “wing effect”, i.e. a state when an thrown body flies due to the lifting force of air resistance, resting its plane, like a wing, on the air, which significantly increases the flight range.

The presence of numerous combat projections (from 3 to 16), provided that the shuriken hits the target, greatly increases the likelihood of causing damage compared to throwing knives.

Depending on the design features of the shuriken's combat protrusions, its damaging effect can cause predominantly stab wounds.

Shuriken consists of the following parts and elements:

– skeleton (body) of shuriken;

- combat ledges.

The combat protrusions have combat ends (points) and cutting edges that ensure hitting the target

Dart

- a thrown (cold) polearm piercing or piercing-cutting weapon with a tip attached to the shaft with a nozzle.

The dart (jerid, sulitsa) was a shortened spear, somewhat smaller and lighter compared to spears for horseback or hand-to-hand combat and appropriately balanced for ease of throwing.

The Romans also used a dart, which they called a pilum. The pilum had the following design: a third of its length was a lance-shaped tip made of soft metal. The tube connecting the tip to the shaft had a round or quadrangular cross-section. When hitting even the strongest shield, the pilum either broke it or got stuck in it, which prevented the enemy from fighting with the pilum sticking out in the shield, forcing him to lower it. The length of the Roman javelin was usually from 1 to 1.5 meters and it weighed from 2 to 5 kg. They threw him at a distance of ten to twenty steps.

In England, a light thrown spear in the 4th - 6th centuries had the name (English) “javelin”. In India, a short thrown spear on a rope was called “vita” (Ind.). When throwing it at a close distance, the rope was left in the hand, and after throwing the spear, it was pulled back by it. Among the peoples of Africa, a thrown spear up to 2 meters long was called “assagai”.

Short javelins were often used by cavalry - this allowed a mounted fighter to use one hand to control the horse, and, importantly, in battle, a dart could be snatched from a clip (jid) faster than a bow and arrow from a quiver.

The darts used by cavalry (in particular, Russian) were 70-120 cm long. But their weight exceeded 0.5 kg, which made it possible to penetrate light protective equipment. Short darts were thrown over short distances - about 10-15 m.

The main structural parts of the dart are:

- shaft - a rod made of wood or other durable material intended for attaching a warhead to it and controlling the weapon;

- tip - a metal or other durable material warhead of a weapon that has a tooth (teeth) and is attached to the end of the shaft using a attachment;

- tip tooth - the upper part of the tip with a point, having a circle, oval, polygon or other shape in cross section, a flat tip tooth of a triangular, lance-shaped or leaf-shaped;

- nozzle (bushing) - the lower part of the tip or piece of iron intended for attaching it to the end of the shaft.

Dibirova Aminat

No. 17.1 QUESTION

(CAMOUDED EDGE WEAPON)

A camouflaged bladed weapon is a bladed weapon, the warhead of which is hidden and which has the appearance of an object that is not a weapon (GOST R 51215-98). It could be:

- bladed and non-bladed (including combined).

- factory, handicraft or homemade.

We will call a camouflaged bladed weapon a bladed weapon whose striking elements (for example, the blade of a dagger, stiletto, sword) are disguised as some household item (cane-sword, cane-dagger, umbrella-stiletto, dagger-pen, etc. .) or edged weapons that have additional combat elements, initially hidden from prying eyes.

Weapons disguised in ordinary household items have a fairly long history. Melee weapons are most suitable for this because they are easier to hide and due to their variety. However, the era of firearms was coming, with all the ensuing consequences (but that’s a completely different story with a separate document! :)).

History of firearms

The phrase “firearm” means a weapon capable of throwing a projectile with a sudden explosion. The adjective “firearm” indicates the result of instantaneous combustion of gunpowder. However, fire was used long before the advent of gunpowder and the invention of methods for its use.

Initially, the use of fire was in the nature of direct arson, when the horseman threw a flaming torch onto the roof of the wooden house of his defenseless victim or onto a section of the fortress wall that could catch fire. The Assyrians and ancient Greeks were adept at using fire for both attack and defense, as evidenced by the bas-reliefs of the time and the texts of Homer. With this use of fire, the need arose for various projectiles. Throwing a burning torch from a distance could be easier, but soon vessels filled with flammable mixtures, as well as arrowheads, began to be used for arson. However, they were not without their shortcomings. A 4th century Roman historian argues that such arrows should be released gently, since a fast-flying arrow will be extinguished by the oncoming air flow. The Bible testifies to the method of spreading fire with the help of animals: “And Samson went and caught three hundred foxes, and took torches, and tied tail to tail, and tied a torch between the two tails; and he lit torches and sent them into the harvest of the Philistines, and burned the heaps and the unharvested grain, and the vineyards and olive trees” (Book of Judges 15:4, 15:5). Exactly following the tradition of the Old Testament, the Philistines repaid Samson in kind by setting fire to his wife and father-in-law.

An unusual method of producing fire is attributed to Archimedes: during the siege of Syracuse, he successfully used large incendiary lenses to set fire to Roman ships. One of the seven wonders of the world - the Pharos lighthouse in Alexandria - according to legend, also had large mirrors on top, with the help of which it was possible to concentrate the sun's rays and direct them even from a distance of a hundred miles (if you believe this legend) at enemy ships for arson rigging. The Artillery Museum in Stockholm houses an ancient burning mirror that could have been used to achieve similar goals. As we will see later, experiments with materials such as petroleum, tar, sulfur and other flammable ingredients contributed to the development of gunpowder. Even the use of the earliest, still ineffective compounds significantly increased the hardships that befell the besieged cities. Incendiary mixtures, being naturally sticky, not only stuck to any object they came into contact with, but also spread. It was almost impossible to put them out.

During the siege of Plataea in 439 BC. e. the inhabitants of the city were forced to protect the wooden parts of their fortifications with leather covers in order to reduce the damage caused by incendiary shells thrown by the Peloponnesians who attacked the city. The Spartans also used flammable materials. They piled huge bundles of firewood under the walls of the city and set them on fire, after filling them with a mixture of sulfur and resin. This mixture could hardly be considered the glorified “Greek fire”, which could not be extinguished; an unexpected downpour could extinguish the flames and thereby save the city walls. The invention for throwing liquid fire was used by the Boeotians during the siege of Delium in 424 BC. e. Thucydides, in the fourth book of his History, describes a hollow tree trunk covered with iron on top. “They cut a large log lengthwise and, having taken out the core from one end to the other, then carefully joined the halves again, hanging a closed cauldron from one end on chains. Then the log was covered with iron and an iron pipe was connected to the boiler. They brought all this on carts from afar to that part of the wall that was built mainly from vines and logs, and when they got close, they attached large bellows to the end of the log and began to blow with them. A strong stream of air, falling inside a closed cauldron, which was filled with lit coals, sulfur and resin, produced enormous heat and set the wall on fire. The defenders could not stand it and fled. In this way the fortification was captured." Fire thrown from cars was also used at the siege of Syracuse in 413 BC. e. and Rhodes in 304 BC. e. New mixtures were made that improved the quality of fire, and Aeneas Tacticus, who lived around 350 BC. e., wrote down one of the recipes in which he recommends: “Take resin, sulfur, tow, manna, aromatic resins and chips of those resinous trees from which torches are made. Light this mixture and throw it on top of the object that you want to burn to the ground.” He also advises filling egg-shaped containers with his composition and throwing them at enemy ships, after setting them on fire[2].

Design features of bladed weapons

A bladed weapon usually consists of a blade, a handle (hilt) and a guard (guard). Blade is an extended metal warhead of a bladed weapon with an edge (sword, stiletto oval or round in cross section, etc.) and one (hunting, army knives, etc.) or two (dagger, swords, etc.) blades. The blade is the sharpened part of the blade. The part of the blade opposite the blade is called the butt. The bevel of the butt is a part of the butt, sharpened towards the blade and forming the tip of the blade with it. The unsharpened part of the blade between the blade and the tang is called the heel. Blades in cross-section can be flat, multifaceted, round, or oval. The side surfaces of flat blades may have recesses (valleys) or stiffening ribs. The longitudinal line on the side surface of the blade, from which sharpening of the blade begins, is called the sharpening line. The handle is attached by mounting, riveted (plated) methods or using threads on the shank. The handle of a bladed weapon usually consists of a handle, a sleeve (ring), and a pommel (tip). The handle is the main part of the handle, directly grasped by the hand. As a rule, the handle bushing is a metal part that encloses the handle at one or both ends. The tip secures the handle to the shank. The part installed between the handle and the base of the blade, with its parts protruding beyond the edge (edges) of the blade, protecting the hand from slipping onto the blade of the blade and serving to protect against blows, is called a limiter or cross (guard).

The ancestor of bladed weapons is the knife. The presence of a short blade with one blade along the longitudinal axis distinguishes it from other types of bladed weapons. Knives are divided into non-folding, folding and collapsible (Fig. 1, 2).

Rice. 1. Knife diagram:

1 – knife length; 2 – blade length; 3 – length of the handle; 4 – limiter; 5 – heel; 6 – blade; 7 – butt; 8 – combat tip; 9 – butt bevel; 10 – sub-finger notches.

Rice. 2. Folding knife:

1 – blade; 2 – shank; 3 – rotary axis; 4 – clamp.

Throughout its existence, the knife has not undergone significant changes in its design features. Over time, all nations have developed their own forms of blade and handle in their various structural combinations. Hunting knives have become widespread among them (Fig. 3). Hunting knives must meet the requirements of GOST R 51500-99.

The characteristics of hunting knives include the following.

The blade of a knife with a single edge is formed by the meeting of the smooth rounding of the blade with the bevel of the butt or the butt at an angle usually less than 45°. In this case, the bevel of the butt can have a rectilinear or concave shape. Hunting knives must have a limiter (stop) or a one- or two-sided cross, or finger grooves on the handle, ensuring a strong and safe hold of the knife when stabbing. The length of the blade is at least 90 mm, the thickness of the butt is at least 2.6 mm at the thickest point of the blade. The hardness of the blade must be at least 42 HRC, regardless of what steel it is made of. Factory-made hunting knives must have a registration number and a manufacturer's mark.

Rice. 3. Diagrams of the most common types of hunting knives

The excess of the width of the one-sided or two-sided limiter over the width of the handle handle must be at least 5 mm. The depth of a single finger groove on the front bushing or handle shaft in the absence of a limiter is at least 5 mm. The depth of the finger groove on the handle shaft, which has more than one finger groove, is not less than 4 mm.

Folding hunting knives, related to cold piercing and cutting weapons, must necessarily have a mechanism that locks the blade both in open (combat) and in other positions. Collapsible hunting knives have a set of blades: knife and tool.

A bayonet-knife is a piercing-cutting edged weapon that is an accessory of military hand-held firearms (carbines, machine guns). The blades are flat, at least 150 mm long, 4 mm thick and have devices for attaching to the barrel of a weapon. Army (military) knives are piercing-cutting edged weapons; the blade, as a rule, is formed by a double-sided sharpening, the convergence of which with the butt at an angle of 30-40° forms the tip. The blade length is more than 130 mm, thickness is more than 3.5 mm, handles can be wooden, metal, rubber, plastic.

A short-bladed weapon also includes a stiletto, the characteristic feature of which is a straight or slightly curved pointed blade of a round, oval, three or tetrahedral cross-section without pronounced cutting properties. The handle, which is comfortable to hold, almost always has a limiter.

It should be emphasized that the dagger also belongs to the short-bladed edged weapon. The blade of a dagger is usually 200-250 mm long, the length of the handle is approximately 100-120 mm, and there may be a shaped stop between the blade and the handle.

Particularly worth mentioning is the medium-bladed weapon, one of the types of which is the dagger. It has been known since Neolithic times as a hunting and military weapon, and later as a national weapon. The blade is straight or curved, with double-sharpened blades sharply tapering towards the tip.

Factory-made hunting daggers have a registration number and a manufacturer's mark, which are applied by stamping, engraving, etching, and burning. The main technical characteristics of hunting dagger blades are as follows:

— length not less than 150 mm;

— thickness of at least 4 mm (in the thickest place);

— width not less than 25 mm (at the widest point);

— the ratio of the length of the blade to its width is no more than 6:1;

- the width of the one-sided or two-sided limiter exceeds the width of the handle handle by at least 5 mm;

— blade hardness not lower than 42 HBC.

In addition to hunting knives and daggers, civilian edged short-bladed weapons include survival knives. They are intended for use both in conditions of commercial or sport hunting as hunting knives, and in difficult (extreme) hiking conditions, travel and sports tourism, including its special types (mountain climbing and water tourism).

Survival knives and their accessories are also used for household purposes as a set of tools and accessories.

Fig 4. Diagrams of the most common types of survival knives.

A survival knife must meet the mandatory requirements of the current state standard. It also applies to imported products.

The design features and technical requirements for survival knives are practically no different from the requirements for hunting knives and daggers.

Survival knives are divided into two types according to their design:

— non-separable (including transformable);

- collapsible.

Survival knife designs are based on the designs of corresponding military combat knives and non-folding hunting knives.

A survival knife must consist of a blade and a handle, have a limiter or finger grooves on the handle, ensuring a strong hold of the knife when delivering damaging stabbing blows and the safety of using the weapon. The connection between the blade of a survival knife and the handle, including the hinge on a transforming knife, must be tight and durable. For a collapsible knife (with removable, replaceable blades), the strength of the attachment of the blade to the handle must be ensured by an appropriate connection.

The design of the blade (shape, weight, dimensions, etc.) of a survival knife, as well as the materials used for its manufacture, must have the strength and hardness necessary for a bladed weapon, provide sufficient destructive properties, the ability to use it when performing heavy household work and durability of operation .

The blade of a survival knife must be sharpened. Special types of sharpening are allowed both for the entire length of the blade and for part of it, and additional sharpening on the bevel and part of the butt for a length of up to 2/3 of the blade (from its tip), which improves its damaging properties.

The handle of a survival knife must be carefully processed and ensure safety when using the weapon.

The technical requirements for survival knives are as follows.

Blade length is not less than 90 mm (the length of the blade is determined by the size from the tip to the stop, and in the absence of it, to the front end of the sleeve or the handle handle), butt thickness is not less than 2.6 mm (measurement of butt thickness is made at the thickest point of the blade, for example on his heel); hardness should not be lower than 42 HBC.

Factory-made survival knives have a registration number and a manufacturer's mark (logo), which are applied to the heel of the blade in various ways (stamping, engraving, etching, burning). The method of applying the registration number and manufacturer's mark must ensure their safety for the entire period of operation of the weapon.

In addition to short-bladed ones, there are medium-bladed civilian edged weapons (hunting cleavers) and structurally similar medium-bladed products for household purposes, which are not related to edged weapons. All of them must comply with the GOST R project “Hunting cutlasses, tourist machetes, cutting and tools for restoration and rescue work (IVSR)” approved by TK 384 and the State Standard of Russia.

The standard applies to all hunting cleavers, tourist machetes, cutting tools and tools for restoration and rescue work (IVSR), including imported ones.

According to their design, hunting cutlasses are divided into two types:

- non-folding (non-dismountable and collapsible with replaceable additional items or tools (shovel, ax, etc.);

— folding with a lock.

The designs of hunting cleavers can be based on the designs of military models of edged weapons. The general layout and design features of blades and handles, in combination with strength characteristics, should ensure durability and safety of operation and destructive properties sufficient for civilian edged weapons. The connection between the blade and the handle must be tight and durable.

Blade blades can have single or double-sided sharpening. Special types of sharpening are allowed, but not more than 1/4 of the total length of the blade. Additional sharpening can be done on the bevel or part of the butt to a length of no more than 1/2 the length of the blade (from its tip or working end).

Blade blades can be equipped with narrow or wide fullers. A single- or double-row saw for wood or bone can also be placed on the butt of the blade.

The handle of a hunting cleaver must be carefully processed and ensure safety when using and wearing it. Handle designs may vary. The handle must be equipped with a cross, a protective bow or other protective device. It is not allowed to equip the handle with a shock cone, characteristic of military weapons.

Hunting cutlasses, which are civilian edged weapons, must meet the following technical requirements.

Limit dimensions for blades of hunting cleavers:

— length from 210 to 500 mm;

— blade thickness not less than 3 mm;

— width from 25 to 45 mm;

— tip angle less than 70°;

— blade hardness of at least 40 HRC.

Blades must be strong, elastic and have a residual deformation during bending tests of no more than 1 mm. Hunting cleavers must be equipped with a safety handle (hilt).

The handle is considered injury-proof if:

— the excess of one-sided or two-sided limiter (cross) above the handle handle is at least 5 mm;

— the depth of a single finger groove on the front bushing or handle is at least 5 mm;

— the depth of the finger grooves on the front bushing or handle shaft, which has more than one finger groove, is not less than 4 mm;

— the heel of the blade, which acts as a limiter, has a thickness of at least 3.5 mm (in the absence of a wedge-shaped bevel towards the blade);

— the difference between the maximum diameter in the middle part of the barrel-shaped handle and the minimum diameter in the pommel area exceeds 8 mm;

— the difference between the maximum diameter of the wedge-shaped handle stop and the minimum diameter in the pommel area exceeds 8 mm;

- the handle is equipped with another protective device (for example, a protective bow) or is made of materials with increased adhesive properties (for example, corrugated rubber).

It is mandatory to check hunting cutlasses for safety and ease of intended use as a bladed weapon, for which the ease of holding the weapon in the hand, the safety of delivering blows of varying strength and direction (the effectiveness of the protective devices of the handle) are checked.

Tourist and cutting machetes are household products and do not belong to bladed weapons.

The main purpose of tourist machetes is to use them to perform a wide range of household work in field conditions when engaging in health and sports tourism, as well as to use them in everyday life as household products.

Cutting machetes are intended for cutting carcasses and skinning, as well as for other economic purposes in commercial or sport hunting conditions and in everyday life.

Tourist and cutting machetes are of two types according to their design:

- non-folding (non-dismountable and collapsible with replaceable additional items or tools, for example a shovel, ax, etc.);

— folding (with or without a lock).

The damaging properties of tourist and cutting machetes should be absent or reduced due to their design features and technical characteristics.

The connection between the machete blade and the handle must be tight and durable.

The length of the blade of folding machetes necessarily exceeds the length of the handle.

It is allowed to manufacture machete blades using thermal or mechanical processing technologies, applying special coatings that provide an anti-reflective effect to their surface.

Machete blades have single- or double-sided sharpening. Special types of sharpening are allowed, for example serrated, on part of the blade from the handle side, but not more than 1/4 of the total length of the blade. It is possible to perform additional sharpening on the bevel or part of the butt for a length of no more than 1/2 the length of the blade.

The machete blade is not allowed to have special shock grooves, which are typical for combat cold medium-blade weapons and are intended for inflicting lacerations.

Various materials are used to make machete handles and their parts. Handle designs can be different (mounted, pressed, cast or with dies), with or without a lanyard attachment. Handles are made both with and without protective devices.

Machetes must be equipped with safety sheaths or cases, including artistic ones, made from natural, synthetic materials or combinations thereof, ensuring safe transportation and storage of products.

GOST establishes the following technical requirements for tourist and cutting machetes.

Tourist and cutting machetes, which are household products, are equipped with a blade with an edge that does not provide damaging properties when delivering targeted piercing and cutting blows.

Limit dimensions for machete blades:

— length from 175 to 500 mm (determined by the size from the tip to the protruding part of the handle);

— thickness of at least 1.5 mm (measurement is made at the thickest point of the blade);

— width (maximum) not less than 35 mm;

— tip angle more than 70°.

It is allowed to reduce the angle of the tip to less than 70° in the presence of a safety handle in cases where:

- the tip is excessively removed from the midline of the blade towards the butt or blade;

— there is no wedge-shaped convergence of the blade towards the tip;

— there is no additional sharpening or chamfer on the butt or its bevel;

— sharpening width directly at the tip is no more than 15 mm;

— excessive thickness of the blade, etc., does not allow the machete to be used for delivering targeted piercing and cutting blows (evaluated as a whole).

— blade hardness of at least 25 HRC.

Blades can be straight or curved (along the spine), with or without an extension from the tip.

The blades must be sufficiently strong and elastic, however, the amount of residual deformation during bending is not regulated and can exceed 1 mm.

The size of the tip angle is not regulated if there is:

— safety handle and blade thickness no more than 2.4 mm;

- traumatic handle.

The handle is considered hazardous (in the absence of a lanyard) if:

— the excess of one-sided or two-sided limiter (cross) over the handle measurement is less than 5 mm;

— the depth of a single finger groove on the front bushing or handle shaft is less than 5 mm;

— the depth of the finger grooves on the front bushing or handle shaft, which has more than one finger groove, is less than 4 mm;

— the heel of the blade, acting as a limiter, has a thickness of less than 3.5 mm;

— the difference between the maximum diameter in the middle part of the barrel-shaped handle and the minimum diameter in the pommel area does not exceed 8 mm;

— the difference between the maximum diameter of the wedge-shaped handle stop and the minimum diameter in the pommel area does not exceed 8 mm;

— the handle is not equipped with any other protective device (for example, a safety guard).

Device of firearms and ammunition

A firearm is a device that is structurally designed to hit a person, an animal or an obstacle with a projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot), which receives targeted directional movement due to the energy of thermal decomposition of a gaseous substance. In order for a weapon to be classified as a firearm, it must have: 1. weaponability - the object is intended to cause damage and has some lethal force; 2. firepower - the projectile receives forward motion due to the energy of thermal decomposition of the gaseous substance; 3. reliability - the object must have reliable main parts (barrel, locking mechanism, etc.). Unitary cartridge - a bullet, a powder charge and a primer are united by a sleeve. According to the shape of the bullet tip, there are: 1. blunt-pointed; 2.with a flat tip; 3.with a hole in the head. By design: 1.shellless (solid); 2. semi-shell; 3.shell. When they hit a target, they are deformed and the hole becomes larger. Methods of attachment to the sleeve: 1.punching; 2. crimp; 3.tight fit. Sleeves in shape: 1.cylindrical; 2.conical; 3.bottle. sleeves m.b. made of metal, cardboard, polyethylene. Depending on the design of the weapon mechanism, the bottom of the cartridge case may have a protrusion at the bottom - a protruding rim; M.B. the recess is a ring groove. Sleeve elements : 1. muzzle; 2. slope; 3.body; 4. ring groove; 5.bottom. Depending on the design of the cartridge, a primer is placed in the center or on the edge. If in the center - central firing cartridges, if on the edge - side firing cartridges. In addition, on the bottom there are raised symbols in the form of numbers or letters. Bullet elements : 1.head part; 2. driving part; 3.tail part; 4.tip of bullet; 5.belt; 6.groove; 7.bottom. A shot cartridge loaded with a metal sleeve : ... For smoothbore weapons, caliber is a conventional number indicating the number of round bullets made from 1 pound of lead (435 g), the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the bore. The diameter of the shot differs by 0.25 mm. 4/0 – diameter 5 mm, 3/0 – diameter 4.75 mm. Weapons are divided: 1.by destination - domestic and foreign; 2.according to its application: combat (military, special); sports (rifles, pistols, shotguns); criminal (homemade, sawn-off shotguns, factory converted weapons, specially converted devices).

Firearm marks left on bullets and cartridges, their meaning

When fired, after the firing pin breaks the primer, the powder charge ignites. Pressure is created in the sleeve, it heats up, and its walls stick tightly to the walls of the chamber. As a result of this, all cracks and scratches that are present on the walls of the chamber are reflected on the walls of the cartridge case. The bullet also heats up, pressure is exerted on it, and it crashes into the fields of the rifling and begins to move in a straight line; traces of the rifling remain on its leading surface. When receiving secondary threading, the bullet receives rotational movements. Based on the number of rifling, the width and angle of inclination of the rifling, we can deduce from what weapon the shot was fired. Under a microscope, the cutting fields will be lined with ridges and grooves. Marks from the weapon (parallel scratches) also form on the cartridges. When fired, the cartridge case heats up, and all traces and irregularities remain on it. A mark from the firing pin remains on the capsule. Reflector m.b. different shapes and located +.

Forensic research of gunshot marks on obstacles, determination of the gunshot distance, location of the shooter

Removal of gunshot products from the hands and face of the shooter. When shooting, the main traces of a shot are formed - holes (through and blind). Holes distinguish between the entrance hole, the gun channel, and the exit hole. Around the inlet hole there is a wiping belt, which consists of particles of projectile material, particles of projectile material; on the skin of the forehead there is a belt of deposition. Non-through (non-penetrating) damage - such as when a projectile penetrates into an obstacle. Rebound trail - a bullet hits an obstacle and bounces off in the other direction. Has the shape of a scratch. A narrow and long trace of a scratch is directed in the direction from which the shell came. There are 2 angles: 1.meeting angle (the angle at which the bullet penetrates the barrier); 2. additional angle. When a bullet hits glass or iron, it rotates around its axis and drills a hole in the barrier. Minus fabric material (there will not be enough material in the center). When a bullet hits the glass, cracks (radial and concentric) are formed. Additional traces of a shot are used to further identify the distance from which the shot was fired. Shot at point-blank range - the bullet moves and pushes a column of air, which is located near it. It breaks the 1st layer of skin and penetrates into it. As a result, the kaho bends and compresses the barrel of the gun. A trace remains on the top layer of skin. When fired, the skin is scorched. This is influenced by the type of weapon (short-barreled, smooth-bore), as well as the type of powder charge. The flame flies at a distance of 3-8 cm. Ruptures - when fired at close range, clothing and skin are torn. Breaks can be observed from a distance of 10-14 cm. Soot can be observed. detected at a distance of 40-150 cm. Unburned powder particles - up to 1.5 m. How to determine the location of the shot? It can be determined by sighting and using mathematical calculations, as well as by examining the circumstances. If sighting is impossible, then a scale diagram of the room and other graphic sighting are drawn and the distance is mathematically calculated based on the scale diagram.

Forensic research of bladed weapons

Cold steel is a device specially manufactured to inflict bodily harm, intended for attack and active defense and not having a direct household, economic or industrial purpose. There are types of X.O., however, in order to classify an item as X.O. the following characteristics must be present: 1.weapon must be present. intended to injure the forehead or animal; 2. it must have parts for causing damage (blade with blade, impact weight, etc.); 3. it should have a device for holding it in the hand and protecting the hand from damage; 4.sufficient strength of its design. Elements : 1.blade; 2.butt; 3.butt bevel; 4. sharpening the bevel of the butt; 5.point; 6.blade; 7. sharpening the blade; 8. undercut (full); 9.heel; 10.limiter; 11.handle; 12.tip. Types : 1.by manufacturing method: factory; handicraft (weapons produced by specialists or factories in large quantities); homemade; remade. 2. by place of manufacture: domestic; foreign. 3.according to standards: standard; non-standard (prototypes); atypical. 4.by purpose: civil; combat; criminal. Civil : sports, hunting, belonging to the national uniform. Combat : army, special. 5.according to the principles of action: hand-to-hand; throwing; combined with firearms. Hand-to-hand : bladed, non-bladed (shock), combined, disguised. Bladed: with handle, with shaft, without handle; long-bladed, medium-bladed (from 40 to 60 cm); short-blade (up to 40 cm); piercing, slashing, piercing-cutting, piercing-cutting; single-blade, double-blade; shock-crushing, brass knuckles. 6.depending on the source of the operation used: a weapon that uses the muscular strength of the forehead (javelin, spear, etc.); weapons that use the force of a wound spring (bows, crossbows).

The concept of forensic explosive technology. Forensic investigation of explosive devices and explosives. Issues submitted for approval by explosives examination

Forensic explosives engineering is a branch of crime that studies the patterns of occurrence, receipt and use of forensically significant information about explosives, means of explosion, explosive devices, as well as persons and objects associated with them in order to investigate and prevent these types of crimes. Explosion is a process of rapid release of a large amount of energy in a limited volume or the rapid appearance of mechanical work, caused by the sudden expansion of compressed gases or steam. The reason for everything could be: 1. a sudden change in the physical state of the system; 2. a fast exothermic chemical reaction that proceeds with the formation of highly compressed gaseous or vapor products; 3. fast nuclear or thermonuclear reaction; 4.release of electromagnetic energy. Accordingly, physical, chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic and some other types of explosions are distinguished. According to their area of ​​application, all explosives are divided into 4 groups : 1. initiating (primary) or explosive media. For the c-b of this group, the fact is that they can detonate from any type of impulse and with their explosion cause the detonation of the main explosive (mercury fulminate, the sound of a voice, the light turned on, an electromagnetic pulse, clock mechanisms, mechanical detonators); 2. blasting (crushing or secondary) explosives; 3. propellant explosives – powder-based materials + all types of rocket fuel; 4. pyrotechnic explosives. When conducting forensic analysis of explosives, the main features should be taken into account: 1. potential for a chemical explosion; 2. Suitability for explosion and damage to people, equipment and structures or for actual use in explosives; 3.Accessories of explosion by manufacture.