In Ozhegov's dictionary
PROJECTILE, -a, m. 1. A type of ammunition for firing from artillery guns, having a cylindrical body and a pointed head, as well as an aircraft with a combat charge. S. armor-piercing, incendiary, fragmentation, tracer. Wounded by a shell fragment. Managed by s. (carrying flight controls). 2. Machine, device, instrument, device. S. for drilling. Sports equipment (objects, devices, apparatus necessary for sports exercises). 3. A complete set, a set of tools adapted for something. (obsolete). Rybolovny village || adj. projectile, -th, -oe (to 1 and 2 meanings).
ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILES (ATGM)
Anti-tank missile systems occupy a special place in the missile and artillery weapons system. ATGMs continue to be the most effective means of units of the Ground Forces in confrontation with tanks and armored combat vehicles.
At the end of the 60s, to replace the first generation anti-tank systems with the manual control system "Malyutka", the anti-tank systems "Fagot" and "Metis" were developed with a semi-automatic control system, in which the operator's task is to point and hold the sight mark on the target. The missile is guided automatically using a direction finder located in the ground control equipment.
Further development of wearable ATGMs followed the path of ensuring firing at night without target illumination, increasing armor penetration and reducing weight and size characteristics.
Based on the experience of numerous local wars, armed conflicts and tactical exercises, the first generation ATGMs and their improved versions with a semi-automatic control system - the domestic complexes "Phalanga-M" ("Phalanga-P"), "Malyutka-M" ("Malyutka-P") ") - were put into service as part of the Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters, respectively, which were the most dangerous enemy for tanks due to their high maneuverability and the inability of tank fire control systems to combat air targets.
The main areas for improving ATGMs are:
- expanding the range of combat use conditions (night, precipitation, fog);
- increasing the firing range and ensuring shooting from closed firing positions;
- increasing the combat rate of fire of the complexes;
- increased noise immunity;
- the use of unconventional trajectories for approaching ATGMs to the target and methods of hitting them;
- development of multi-purpose complexes.
In the dictionary D.N. Ushakova
PROJECTILE, projectile, man. 1. Same as 1 value equipment. (obsolete). "Long projectiles." Dahl. 2. only units, collected. A set of tools and devices related to some area of technology, some craft, or sports. Astronomical projectile. Shoe projectile. Joiner's projectile. Gymnastic apparatus. 3. A device, a device for something, for some technical purpose. “One, like a finger: a cap and a cane, and in the cane there is a shell.” Nekrasov. A projectile for drilling the earth. | Sports device, item for sports exercises (sport.). Exercises on parallel bars, horizontal bars and other apparatus. 4. An item of weaponry for defeating enemy personnel and for destroying structures, which is fired from guns, which is dropped from airplanes, thrown by hand, etc. “On the battlefield... there were shell glasses lying around.” Prishvin. Chemical shells. Fragmentation shells. Armor-piercing shells. Wounded by a shell fragment. Artillery shells.
Excerpt characterizing the Projectile
Having taken command of the armies, Kutuzov remembered Prince Andrei and sent him an order to come to the main apartment. Prince Andrei arrived in Tsarevo Zaimishche on the very day and at the very time of the day when Kutuzov made the first review of the troops. Prince Andrei stopped in the village at the priest’s house, where the commander-in-chief’s carriage stood, and sat on a bench at the gate, waiting for His Serene Highness, as everyone now called Kutuzov. On the field outside the village one could hear either the sounds of regimental music or the roar of a huge number of voices shouting “hurray!” to the new commander-in-chief. Right there at the gate, ten steps from Prince Andrei, taking advantage of the prince’s absence and the beautiful weather, stood two orderlies, a courier and a butler. Blackish, overgrown with mustaches and sideburns, the little hussar lieutenant colonel rode up to the gate and, looking at Prince Andrei, asked: is His Serene Highness standing here and will he be there soon? Prince Andrei said that he did not belong to the headquarters of His Serene Highness and was also a visitor. The hussar lieutenant colonel turned to the smart orderly, and the orderly of the commander-in-chief said to him with that special contempt with which the orderlies of commanders-in-chief speak to officers: “What, your Serene Highness?” It must be now. You that? The hussar lieutenant colonel grinned into his mustache in the tone of the orderly, got off his horse, gave it to the messenger and approached Bolkonsky, bowing slightly to him. Bolkonsky stood aside on the bench. The hussar lieutenant colonel sat down next to him. – Are you also waiting for the commander-in-chief? - the hussar lieutenant colonel spoke. – Govog’yat, it’s accessible to everyone, thank God. There’s a problem with sausage makers! Nedag Egmolov joined the Germans. Now, maybe it will be possible to talk in G'ussian. Otherwise they don't know what they were doing. Everyone retreated, everyone retreated. Have you done the hike? - he asked. “I had the pleasure,” answered Prince Andrei, “not only to participate in the retreat, but also to lose in this retreat everything that was dear to me, not to mention the estates and home... of my father, who died of grief.” I am from Smolensk. - Eh?.. Are you Prince Bolkonsky? It would be great to meet you: Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, better known as Vaska,” said Denisov, shaking Prince Andrei’s hand and peering into Bolkonsky’s face with especially kind attention. “Yes, I heard,” he said with sympathy and, after a short silence, continued: “Here comes the Scythian war.” This is all hog'osho, but not for those who take the rap on their own sides. Are you Prince Andgey Bolkonsky? – He shook his head. “It’s very nice, prince, it’s very nice to meet you,” he added again with a sad smile, shaking his hand. Prince Andrei knew Denisov from Natasha's stories about her first groom. This memory, both sweet and painful, now transported him to those painful sensations that he had not thought about for a long time, but which were still in his soul. Recently, so many other and such serious impressions as leaving Smolensk, his arrival in Bald Mountains, the recent death of his father - so many sensations were experienced by him that these memories had not come to him for a long time and, when they did, had no effect on him. him with the same strength. And for Denisov, the series of memories that Bolkonsky’s name evoked was a distant, poetic past, when, after dinner and Natasha’s singing, he, without knowing how, proposed to a fifteen-year-old girl. He smiled at the memories of that time and his love for Natasha and immediately moved on to what was now passionately and exclusively occupying him. This was the campaign plan he came up with while serving in the outposts during the retreat. He presented this plan to Barclay de Tolly and now intended to present it to Kutuzov. The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operations was too extended and that instead of, or at the same time, acting from the front, blocking the way for the French, it was necessary to act on their messages. He began to explain his plan to Prince Andrei. “They can’t hold this entire line.” This is impossible, I answer that they are pg'og'vu; give me five hundred people, I'll destroy them, that's veg! One system is Pag'tizan. Denisov stood up and, making gestures, outlined his plan to Bolkonsky. In the middle of his presentation, the cries of the army, more awkward, more widespread and merging with music and songs, were heard at the place of review. There was stomping and screaming in the village. “He’s coming himself,” shouted a Cossack standing at the gate, “he’s coming!” Bolkonsky and Denisov moved towards the gate, at which stood a group of soldiers (an honor guard), and saw Kutuzov moving along the street, riding a low bay horse. A huge retinue of generals rode behind him. Barclay rode almost alongside; a crowd of officers ran behind them and around them and shouted “Hurray!” The adjutants galloped ahead of him into the courtyard. Kutuzov, impatiently pushing his horse, which was ambling under his weight, and constantly nodding his head, put his hand to the cavalry guard’s bad-looking cap (with a red band and without a visor) that he was wearing. Having approached the honor guard of fine grenadiers, mostly cavaliers, who saluted him, he silently looked at them for a minute with a commanding stubborn gaze and turned to the crowd of generals and officers standing around him. His face suddenly took on a subtle expression; he raised his shoulders with a gesture of bewilderment. - And with such fellows, keep retreating and retreating! - he said. “Well, goodbye, general,” he added and started his horse through the gate past Prince Andrei and Denisov. - Hooray! hooray! hooray! - they shouted from behind him. Since Prince Andrei had not seen him, Kutuzov had grown even fatter, flabby, and swollen with fat. But the familiar white eye, and the wound, and the expression of fatigue in his face and figure were the same. He was dressed in a uniform frock coat (a whip hung on a thin belt over his shoulder) and a white cavalry guard cap. He, heavily blurring and swaying, sat on his cheerful horse. “Whew... whew... whew...” he whistled barely audibly as he drove into the yard. His face expressed the joy of calming a man intending to rest after the mission. He took his left leg out of the stirrup, falling with his whole body and wincing from the effort, he lifted it with difficulty onto the saddle, leaned his elbow on his knee, grunted and went down into the arms of the Cossacks and adjutants who were supporting him. He recovered, looked around with his narrowed eyes and, looking at Prince Andrei, apparently not recognizing him, walked with his diving gait towards the porch. “Whew... whew... whew,” he whistled and again looked back at Prince Andrei. The impression of Prince Andrei's face only after a few seconds (as often happens with old people) became associated with the memory of his personality. “Ah, hello, prince, hello, darling, let’s go...” he said tiredly, looking around, and heavily entered the porch, creaking under his weight. He unbuttoned and sat down on a bench on the porch. - Well, what about father? “Yesterday I received news of his death,” Prince Andrei said briefly. Kutuzov looked at Prince Andrei with frightened, open eyes, then took off his cap and crossed himself: “The kingdom of heaven to him! May God's will be over us all! He sighed heavily, with all his chest, and was silent. “I loved and respected him and I sympathize with you with all my heart.” He hugged Prince Andrei, pressed him to his fat chest and did not let him go for a long time. When he released him, Prince Andrei saw that Kutuzov’s swollen lips were trembling and there were tears in his eyes. He sighed and grabbed the bench with both hands to stand up. “Come on, let’s come to me and talk,” he said; but at this time Denisov, just as little timid in front of his superiors as he was in front of the enemy, despite the fact that the adjutants at the porch stopped him in angry whispers, boldly, knocking his spurs on the steps, entered the porch. Kutuzov, leaving his hands resting on the bench, looked displeased at Denisov. Denisov, having identified himself, announced that he had to inform his lordship of a matter of great importance for the good of the fatherland. Kutuzov began to look at Denisov with a tired look and with an annoyed gesture, taking his hands and folding them on his stomach, he repeated: “For the good of the fatherland? Well, what is it? Speak." Denisov blushed like a girl (it was so strange to see the color on that mustachioed, old and drunken face), and boldly began to outline his plan for cutting the enemy’s operational line between Smolensk and Vyazma. Denisov lived in these parts and knew the area well. His plan seemed undoubtedly good, especially from the power of conviction that was in his words. Kutuzov looked at his feet and occasionally glanced at the courtyard of the neighboring hut, as if he was expecting something unpleasant from there. From the hut he was looking at, indeed, during Denisov’s speech, a general appeared with a briefcase under his arm. - What? – Kutuzov said in the middle of Denisov’s presentation. - Ready? “Ready, your lordship,” said the general. Kutuzov shook his head, as if saying: “How can one person manage all this,” and continued to listen to Denisov. “I give my honest, noble word to the Hussian officer,” said Denisov, “that I am aware of Napoleon’s message.” - How are you doing, Kirill Andreevich Denisov, chief quartermaster? - Kutuzov interrupted him. - Uncle g'odnoy, your lordship. - ABOUT! “We were friends,” Kutuzov said cheerfully. “Okay, okay, darling, stay here at headquarters, we’ll talk tomorrow.” - Nodding his head to Denisov, he turned away and extended his hand to the papers that Konovnitsyn brought him. “Would your lordship please welcome you to the rooms,” the general on duty said in a dissatisfied voice, “we need to consider the plans and sign some papers.” “The adjutant who came out of the door reported that everything was ready in the apartment. But Kutuzov, apparently, wanted to enter the rooms already free. He winced... “No, tell me to serve, my dear, here’s a table, I’ll take a look here,” he said. “Don’t leave,” he added, turning to Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei remained on the porch, listening to the general on duty. During the report, outside the front door, Prince Andrei heard a woman’s whispering and the crunching of a woman’s silk dress. Several times, looking in that direction, he noticed behind the door, in a pink dress and a purple silk scarf on her head, a plump, rosy-cheeked and beautiful woman with a dish, who was obviously waiting for the commander to enter. Kutuzov's adjutant explained to Prince Andrei in a whisper that it was the mistress of the house, the priest, who intended to serve bread and salt to his lordship. Her husband met His Serene Highness with a cross in the church, she is at home... “Very pretty,” the adjutant added with a smile. Kutuzov looked back at these words. Kutuzov listened to the report of the general on duty (the main subject of which was criticism of the position under Tsarev Zaimishche) just as he listened to Denisov, just as he listened to the debate of the Austerlitz Military Council seven years ago. He apparently listened only because he had ears, which, despite the fact that there was a sea rope in one of them, could not help but hear; but it was obvious that nothing that the general on duty could tell him could not only surprise or interest him, but that he knew in advance everything that they would tell him, and listened to all of it only because he had to listen, as he had to listen singing prayer service. Everything Denisov said was practical and smart. What the general on duty said was even more sensible and smarter, but it was obvious that Kutuzov despised both knowledge and intelligence and knew something else that was supposed to solve the matter - something else, independent of intelligence and knowledge. Prince Andrei carefully watched the expression on the commander-in-chief's face, and the only expression that he could notice in him was an expression of boredom, curiosity about what the woman's whispering behind the door meant, and a desire to maintain decency. It was obvious that Kutuzov despised intelligence, and knowledge, and even the patriotic feeling that Denisov showed, but he did not despise intelligence, not feeling, not knowledge (because he did not try to show them), but he despised them with something else. He despised them with his old age, his experience of life. One order that Kutuzov made on his own in this report related to the looting of Russian troops. At the end of the report, the reder on duty presented the Highness with a document for his signature about penalties from the army commanders at the request of the landowner for cut green oats.
AMMUNITION FOR TANK GUNS
As is known, the basis of the striking force of combined arms units and formations are subunits and units that include armored vehicles. The main armament of modern Russian tanks (125-mm D-81 cannon) includes the following types of ammunition: armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation rounds, tank guided missiles.
For 125-mm guns, separate-case-loading shots are used. The main propellant charge is the same for all types of projectiles, which ensures the unification of tank loading mechanisms and safety when fired.
Armor-piercing sabot projectiles (APS) are one of the main means of destroying highly protected objects. With all the variety of methods for accelerating a projectile, the principle of hitting an armored target remains unchanged - penetration of armor and the formation of damaging fragments in the space behind the armor due to the mechanical impact of a high-density body at a high impact speed. The dynamics of the increase in the armor penetration of BPS practically corresponded to the increase in the resistance of tank protection. The increase in the armor-piercing effect of BPS was mainly due to an increase in overall weight characteristics and improvement in the design of projectiles: the use of cores and bodies made of materials with increased physical and mechanical properties, the transition to long-body projectiles.
The action of cumulative projectiles is based on penetrating the external defense - the target - due to the cumulative effect and hitting vulnerable elements beyond the barrier with a fragmentation stream. The constant confrontation between increasing the armor penetration of cumulative weapons and increasing target protection has shaped the appearance of modern cumulative ammunition as a high-tech product with a tandem construction scheme. The use of new design solutions made it possible to raise the main characteristic of cumulative ammunition (armor penetration) to the level of penetration of homogeneous armor over one meter.
